Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH); due to its geographical position, natural capital, and the socioAeconomic relevance of climateAsensitive s ectors such as agriculture and forestry; is highly vulnerable to climate change (CC). Using the EH5OM model, temperature is projected to increase (+0.7A1.6°C during 2031A2060) and avera ge net precipitation to decrease. The paper aims at analysing governance of climate change in BiH with a special focus on water resources, agriculture, and forestry (WRAF). The paper is mainly based on a literature review. The research approach adopted was exploratory, descriptive and deductive. The paper (i) provides the stateAofAtheAart of WRAF and climate; (ii) analyses impacts of CC on WRAF and agriculture and forestry contribution to GHGs; (iii) provides an overview of state and entity policy frameworks and institutions dealing with CC; (iv) highlights international organizations and donors operating in this field and Balkan and international commitments of BiH; and (v) provides some recommendations for enhancing WRAF adaptability and resilience to CC. The paper analyses as well the focus on CC and budget of the ongoing projects in 2011 in the sectors of environmental protection, and agriculture and forestry, 16 and 12, respectively. Agriculture, water resources management and forestry represent priority areas in which the policy and legislative framework should be improved and integrated projects should be implemented. Moreover, BiH should design and implement a national climate change mitigation strategy and action plan.

Agriculture is both a cause and a victim of climate change. Most of the emissions of methane and nitrogen suboxide in the Western Balkans comes from agriculture. Increased temperature, reduced total precipitation, increased number of summer days, extended period between the last spring and first autumn frost, increased sum of active air temperature above 10°C, are just some of the effects of climate change in the area of the Western Balkan countries.

The complexity of water budgeting module as shown in this paper is represented in phases. By experimental measurement of precipitation and lysimetric measurement of percolation runoff the fi rst phase establishes monthly and annual soil-water budgets of skeletal and clayey soils, and hence the influence of soil water-retention potential on hydrologic cycle and water budget over a four year period in the area of Mostar. Then, a soil-water budget model is simulated in a simplified procedure in order to determine the corresponding soil productive water reserve (R) for given soils. In this way, depending on R values, the output parameters of the simulated model may produce different results in: calculated surplus or percolation runoff, real evapotranspiration (RET) and water deficit. The lysimetric measuring of the water input and output in skeletal and clayey soils determined significant differences in the water budgets of these, by physical properties, divergent soils. Such correlations indicate that there is a realistic possibility of computing new, relatively reliable and pragmatically significant agro-hydrological parameters using measured precipitation and calculated PET. Also, this paper addresses a correlative analysis between the apple and maize ET on one side, and evaporation measured by Piche and by Class A, as well as PET calculated by Thornthwaite, Turc and Penman, on the other side. The results show a reliable reaction between ET of apple and maize with E by Piche, while the same relation is even more reliable with Class A. Other methods in this correlative analysis are less reliable.

: Enhancing soil fertility and maize productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tillage practices, nitrogen management strategies, and acidified hydrochar on soil fertility and maize productivity. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement and four replications. Main plots received shallow tillage and deep tillage. Subplots were treated with nitrogen (120 kg ha − 1 ) from farmyard manure (FYM) and urea, including control, 33% FYM + 67% urea (M U ), and 80% FYM + 20% urea (M F ). Acidified hydrochar treatments H 0 (no hydrochar) and H 1 (with hydrochar, 2 t ha − 1 ) were applied to sub-sub plots. Deep tillage significantly increased plant height, biological yield, grain yield, ear length, grains ear − 1 , thousand-grain weight, and nitrogen content compared to shallow tillage. M U and M F improved growth parameters and yield over the control. Hydrochar effects varied; H 1 enhanced yield components and soil properties such as soil organic matter and nitrogen availability compared to H 0 . Canonical discriminant analysis linked deep tillage and M U /M F nitrogen management with improved yield and soil characteristics. In conclusion, deep tillage combined with integrated nitrogen management enhances maize productivity and soil properties. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate tillage and nitrogen strategies for sustainable maize production along with hydrochar addition. These insights guide policymakers, agronomists, and agricultural extension services in adopting evidence-based strategies for sustainable agriculture, enhancing food production, and mitigating environmental impacts. The implication of this study suggests to undertake long-term application of hydrochar for further clarification and validation.

: As the population grows, more food is needed to keep the food supply chain running smoothly. For many years, intensive farming systems have been used to meet this need. Currently, due to intense climate change and other global natural problems, there is a shift towards sustainable use of natural resources and simplified methods of tillage. Soil tillage intensity influences the distribution of nutrients, and soil’s physical and mechanical properties, as well as gas flows. The impact of reduced tillage on these indices in spring barley cultivation is still insufficient and requires more analysis on a global scale. This study was carried out at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy (Lithuania) in 2022–2023. The aim of the investigation was to determine the effect of the tillage systems on the soil temperature, moisture content, CO 2 respiration and concentration in spring barley cultivation. Based on a long-term tillage experiment, five tillage systems were tested: deep and shallow moldboard ploughing, deep cultivation-chiseling, shallow cultivation-chiseling, and no tillage Shallow plowing technology has been found to better conserve soil moisture and maintain higher temperatures in most cases. During almost the entire study period, the spring barley crop with deep cultivation had lower moisture content and lower soil temperature. Shallow cultivation fields in most cases increased CO 2 emissions and CO 2 concentration. When applying direct sowing to the uncultivated soil (10–20 cm), the concentration of CO 2 decreased from 0.01 to 0.148 percent. pcs. The results show that in direct sowing fields, most cases had a positive effect on crop density. Direct sowing fields resulted in significantly lower, from 7.9 to 26.5%, grain yields of spring barley in the years studied.