Between Fragmentation and Protection: Incitement to Violence and Hatred in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the result of a sustained academic and professional engagement with the phenomenon of hate speech and, more specifically, the criminalization of incitement to violence and hatred in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In recent years, the regulation of such conduct has become increasingly relevant, not only as a matter of criminal law, but also as a broader societal and constitutional concern in post-conflict and pluralistic societies. This work seeks to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of criminal offences related to incitement to violence and hatred across the different jurisdictions within Bosnia and Herzegovina. It combines doctrinal analysis, comparative insights, and empirical observations in order to present a nuanced understanding of both the normative framework and its practical application. Particular attention is devoted to the relationship between criminal law and international human rights standards, especially the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The book is intended for a broad audience, including academics, legal practitioners, judges, prosecutors, policymakers, and students of criminal law and human rights. It aims not only to clarify existing legal provisions, but also to contribute to ongoing discussions on legal reform and the harmonization of criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, this monograph reflects the author’s belief that criminal law, while an essential tool in combating incitement to violence and hatred, must be applied with caution, precision, and a constant awareness of fundamental rights. Striking the appropriate balance between protecting society and preserving freedom of expression remains one of the most demanding tasks of contemporary criminal justice systems

Rad analizira stepen usklađenosti Zakona o krivičnom postupku Bosne i Hercegovine sa Direktivom (EU) 2016/800 o postupovnim jamstvima za djecu osumnjičenu ili optuženu u krivičnim postupcima. Polazeći od metodološkog okvira funkcionalne i normativne komparacije, rad ispituje da li domaći procesni sistem uspostavlja koherentan model pravosuđa prilagođenog djetetu ili se zaštita djece ostvaruje fragmentarno kroz opšte procesne garancije. Analiza pokazuje da ZKP BiH sadrži niz temeljnih garancija pravičnog suđenja, uključujući pravo na odbranu, zabranu nezakonitih dokaza, procesnu pravičnost i ograničenje trajanja pritvora, koje su kompatibilne s osnovnom zaštitnom logikom Direktive. Međutim, Direktiva uvodi kvalitativno razvijeniji, djetetu-specifičan normativni okvir zasnovan na principu najboljeg interesa djeteta, individualnoj procjeni potreba, pravima na informacije prilagođene dobi, obaveznom uključivanju roditelja, posebnim garancijama tokom ispitivanja i restriktivnom režimu lišenja slobode djece kao krajnje mjere. U poređenju s tim standardom, domaći procesni okvir pokazuje parcijalnu usklađenost: pojedini zahtjevi Direktive ostvaruju se funkcionalno, ali nisu sistematski normirani. Rad zaključuje da potpuna harmonizacija zahtijeva ciljane zakonodavne intervencije usmjerene na integraciju koncepta pravosuđa prilagođenog djetetu u strukturu krivičnog postupka, posebno kroz normiranje individualne procjene, jačanje procesnih garancija tokom ispitivanja i preciznije uređenje režima lišenja slobode djece.

Tehnološki razvoj vještačke inteligencije transformiše ne samo digitalnu industriju i komunikacione obrasce, već i prirodu savremenog kriminaliteta. Među posebno zabrinjavajućim pojavama izdvaja se sintetički materijal seksualnog zlostavljanja djece (synthetic CSAM), koji obuhvata kompjuterski generisane slike i deepfake video-zapise što realistički simuliraju seksualnu eksploataciju maloljetnika. Iako takav sadržaj ne mora uvijek uključivati identifikabilnu stvarnu žrtvu, njegov vizuelni realizam, društveni učinak i potencijal za normalizaciju seksualnog nasilja nad djecom proizvode ozbiljne pravne i viktimološke posljedice. Rad analizira sintetički CSAM kao novi oblik digitalnog rizika, sa posebnim osvrtom na njegovu krivičnopravnu relevantnost, difuzne oblike viktimizacije i izazove medijskog izvještavanja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je djeci i mladima, kako u ulozi potencijalnih žrtava sekundarne viktimizacije, tako i u ulozi subjekata krivičnopravnog rizika. Ukazuje se na potrebu interdisciplinarnog i normativno preciznog odgovora društva i institucija.

Resocijalizacija je proces postupnog reintegrisanja prestupnika iz kriminalne podgrupe u društvenu zajednicu kao grupu. Od resocijalizacije se očekuje da izmjeni ona lična svojstva osuđenika koja su povezana sa kriminalnim ponašanjem i da ih tako osposobi za integraciju u društveni život. Modeli resocijalizacije su se mjenjali i dopunjavali kroz istorijiski razvoj same penologije kao nauke i svaki od njih je imao važnu ulogu u prevaspitavanju osuđenih lica. Danas model resocijalizacije teži humanizaciji i individualizaciji tretmana, ali i potrebi da osuđenik prije svega prihvati aktivnu ulogu u procesu prevaspitanja i realizacije programa postupanja. Prevaspitni tretman i proces resocijalizacije veoma su usko povezani, jer uspješan ishod prevaspitnog tretmana doprinosi uspješnosti resocijalizacije. Zato je pedagoški pristup u procesu resocijalizacije ključni faktor za njihovu uspješnu rehabiliticiju i reintegraciju u društvenu zajednicu. Međutim brojne društvene promjene zahtjevaju i drugačiji pristup prema osuđeniku u toku procesa resocijalizacije kako u pogledu vaspitno – korektivnog postupanja i metodike rada sa osuđenim licima, tako i u pogledu radnog angažovanja i sticanja obrazovnih i socijalnih kompetencija kroz neki od neformalnih vidova učenja.

U proteklim godinama, susret umjetne inteligencije (AI) i krivičnog pravosuđa potakao je paradigmatski pomak u upravljanju pravdom. Ovaj rad istražuje mnogobrojne implikacije integracije umjetne inteligencije u pravosudni pejzaž. Rad kritički ispituje primjenu AI u krivičnim sudovima, fokusirajući se na njegovu ulogu u procesima donošenja odluka, pristranosti i integriteta. Iskorištavanjem algoritama mehaničkog učenja, ovi sistemi analiziraju obimne skupove podataka kako bi predvidjeli buduće kriminalno ponašanje, postavljajući relevantna pitanja o pouzdanosti i pravičnosti takvih predviđanja. Etičke dimenzije upotrebe AI u krivičnom pravosuđu čine središnju temu, razmatrajući pitanja transparentnosti, odgovornosti i pristranosti inherentne u algoritamskom donošenju odluka. Ovaj tekst analizira izazove i prilike koje pruža „mehanička pravda“, naglašavajući potrebu za nijansiranim razumijevanjem uticaja AI na temeljna načela krivičnog postupka i ljudska prava i osnovne slobode. Nadalje, istraživanje analizira potencijal za pogoršanje postojećih dispariteta unutar krivičnog pravosudnog sistema. Društveno-ekonomske, rasne, spolne i rodne pristranosti ukorijenjene u istorijskim skupovima podataka mogu se održavati i čak pojačavati kroz primjenu AI alata, što zahtijeva sveobuhvatne mjere opreza radi ublažavanja takvih rizika. Dok stojimo na raskrižju tehnološkog napretka i pravne tradicije, ovaj rad služi kao ključni resurs za pravne teoretičare, praktičare i kreatora politika. Zagovara promišljen i mjerodavan pristup integraciji AI u krivično pravosuđe, osiguravajući da tehnološki napretci usklađuju s načelima pravičnosti, pravde i zaštite individualnih prava. Rasprava predstavljena ovdje ključna je za oblikovanje kontura budućnosti u kojoj se UI i pravda stapaju, zahtijevajući budno nadziranje i etičko razmatranje u traganju za pravednijim pravnim sistemom.

This paper examines the level of alignment between procedural safeguards for children in criminal proceedings in the Republic of Srpska and the standards established by Directive (EU) 2016/800 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings. Recognising children as a particularly vulnerable category of participants in criminal proceedings, the paper analyses whether the domestic normative framework ensures effective and child-appropriate procedural protection, taking into account the child’s age, maturity and specific needs. The analysis is based on a normative-dogmatic approach and focuses on the Law on the Protection and Treatment of Children and Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings of the Republic of Srpska, with the subsidiary application of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Srpska. Directive (EU) 2016/800 is used as the primary reference standard, interpreted in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The findings indicate that the domestic legal framework is largely aligned with European standards, particularly regarding the right to legal counsel and the basic limitations on the deprivation of liberty of children. However, the analysis also reveals notable normative shortcomings, especially concerning the individual assessment of the child, the right to information in a child-appropriate manner, and the comprehensive protection of the child’s privacy and identity. The paper concludes that targeted legislative improvements are necessary in order to achieve full and consistent compliance with the standards set by Directive (EU) 2016/800.

This article examines the development of criminal procedure in the Roman Imperial period, with particular emphasis on the relationship and gradual transition between the accusatorial model (accusatio) and the extraordinary imperial procedure (cognitio extra ordinem). Starting from the institutional and procedural changes caused by the decline of republican judicial bodies and the strengthening of imperial authority, the paper analyses the transformation of judicial power holders, the initiation of criminal proceedings, the role of the judge, the shift from public to secret hearings, the law of evidence, and the emergence of legal remedies such as appeal (appellatio) and asylum (asylum). Special attention is devoted to the issue of proof and to a critical reassessment of the long-standing doctrinal misconception concerning the existence of a formal and binding system of evidentiary rules in Roman law. The conclusion highlights the importance of Roman imperial criminal procedure for the development of the continental legal tradition, emphasizing its ambivalent legacy between enhanced state repression and the early formation of procedural safeguards.

Ovaj rad pruža (sveobuhvatnu) analizu razvoja rimskog kaznenog (krivičnog) postupka od kraljevskog doba do kraja Republike. Autor istražuje kako je rano rimsko društvo prešlo sa privatne osvete na državno provođenje pravde, naglašavajući nerazdvojivost prava, religije i politike. Kroz detaljno razmatranje institucija kao što su quaestores parricidii, quaestiones perpetuae, te reformi koje su sproveli Sula, Ciceron i Pompej, tekst prikazuje sve veću formalizaciju, specijalizaciju i politizaciju krivičnog prava. Posebna pažnja posvećena je procesnim principima, uključujući pretpostavku nevinosti, akuzatorni model i pravila dokazivanja. Zaključno, rimsko krivično pravo – iako često zapostavljeno u korist privatnog prava – imalo je značajan uticaj na temeljne koncepte savremenih evropskih  krivičnopravnih sistema.

 Introduction: Hermeneutics, as a theory of interpretation, plays a significant role in criminal law by providing a framework for understanding legal norms within their socio-political and historical contexts. Given the necessity for precision and clarity in criminal law, hermeneutical approaches help resolve ambiguities and reconcile conflicts between statutory provisions, judicial practice, and moral principles.  Aim: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the significance of hermeneutics as a methodological tool in interpreting criminal law norms and to highlight its contribution to the development of contemporary legal doctrine and practice.  Materials and Methods: The paper applies the hermeneutical method of analysis, as well as comparative-legal and normative methods, relying on relevant case law and modern theoretical approaches in criminal law and legal philosophy.  Results: The analysis shows that hermeneutical approaches enable a dynamic understanding and application of criminal law norms, contributing to greater coherence between statutory texts, judicial decisions, and moral principles. In doing so, hermeneutics becomes a key factor in resolving legal dilemmas and ensuring the fair application of law.  Conclusion: Hermeneutics represents an indispensable methodological framework for understanding and applying criminal law. It allows legal norms to be interpreted in accordance with contemporary social values, thereby contributing to the development of legal science and practice as a whole.

Digital violence against women has become a pervasive issue in the modern era,manifesting in various forms, including the non-consensual dissemination of intimate or manipulatedcontent. This phenomenon reflects the intersection of technological advancements with deeplyentrenched gendered power imbalances, causing profound psychological, social, and legalrepercussions for victims. This study explores the multifaceted dimensions of digital violence, focusingon the unique challenges posed by the dissemination of intimate content without consent. By analyzingthe historical evolution of technology’s role in perpetuating violence, this paper contextualizes theemergence of digital violence and highlights the gaps in legal frameworks and societal responses.Emphasizing the victimological aspects, it underscores the urgent need for comprehensive preventionstrategies, legal reforms, and technological interventions. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute toa more nuanced understanding of digital violence against women, fostering actionable insights tocombat this pressing issue in an increasingly digital society.

The paper examines the application of the principle of opportunity in juvenile criminal proceedings across different legal systems. The principle of opportunity, as opposed to the principle of legality, allows prosecutors to refrain from initiating or continuing criminal proceedings when doing so serves the interests of justice, rehabilitation, or social reintegration. The paper provides a comparative analysis of various jurisdictions, highlighting differences in legal frameworks, prosecutorial authority, and policy rationales behind the discretionary prosecution of juvenile offenders. It assesses how different legal systems balance the need for accountability with the fundamental principles of juvenile justice, such as the best interests of the child, proportionality, and diversion from formal criminal proceedings. The study also evaluates the safeguards and limitations imposed on prosecutorial discretion to prevent arbitrariness, discrimination, or excessive leniency. The paper ultimately argues that an appropriately structured system of prosecutorial discretion can enhance the effectiveness of juvenile justice by prioritizing rehabilitative measures over punitive sanctions. Through a comparative lens, the research underscores the importance of a balanced approach in juvenile justice policies, advocating for a legal framework that safeguards due process while promoting the social reintegration of young offenders.

This article examines the multifaceted implications of community service as a criminal sanction within the legal framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Grounded in an interdisciplinary approach, it integrates legal analysis, economic evaluation, and psychological perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of this alternative sanction. The legal analysis delves into the statutory provisions and judicial practices governing community service, assessing its alignment with international human rights standards and its effectiveness in promoting restorative justice. The economic evaluation leverages statistical data to measure the impact of community service on the national economy, including cost-benefit analyses and its potential to alleviate the financial burdens on the penal system. In exploring the psychological aspects, the article investigates the rehabilitative potential of community service. The article highlights the role of community service in fostering a sense of responsibility, improving self-esteem, and reducing recidivism rates. It also considers the challenges and limitations of implementing this sanction, including potential stigmatization and the necessity for adequate support systems. Through a thorough analysis of these dimensions, the article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on criminal justice reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This article delves into the complex and evolving landscape of defamation as a criminal offence in 19th century Europe. The crime of defamation, encapsulating the act of damaging a reputation through spoken or written words, became a contentious issue, closely interwoven with the burgeoning principles of freedom of expression and the evolving legal systems of the time. This study employs a comparative legal historical approach to investigate how defamation was defined, prosecuted, and perceived across different European countries. As societies transitioned from aristocratic hierarchies to more egalitarian systems, defamation cases often served as a platform for public discourse on power dynamics, individual rights, and the role of the media in shaping public opinion. The study of defamation in 19th century Europe provides a unique perspective on the delicate balance between the protection of personal reputation and the promotion of democratic values in a rapidly changing world.

This paper explores the intricate balance between safeguarding the rights of minors and ensuring effective criminal justice in the examination of juvenile testimony within legal proceedings. Focused on the intersection of criminal law and juvenile justice, the study delves into the challenges and ethical considerations surrounding the interrogation and testimonial processes involving minors. The evolving landscape of juvenile criminal justice necessitates a nuanced approach that considers both the developmental vulnerabilities of young individuals and the imperative to uphold justice. The article addresses the fundamental tension between the rights of minors to fair treatment and the societal interest in uncovering the truth. The examination of minors in criminal proceedings requires a delicate balance, considering factors such as cognitive development, susceptibility to coercion, and the potential impact of trauma. The paper critically evaluates existing legal frameworks and proposes innovative strategies to enhance the protection of juvenile rights without compromising the pursuit of justice.

The contemporary landscape of global security is profoundly influenced by the phenomenonof terrorism, constituting a paramount concern of unparalleled magnitude. While terrorism hashistorically permeated the annals of state formations, its contemporary manifestation has witnessed amarked escalation and proliferation in recent decades. Contrary to popular belief which may confinethe specter of terrorism to the confines of the Old Continent or to nations characterized by democraticgovernance paradigms, its reach extends far beyond such boundaries, impacting diverse geographicallocales and transcending conventional societal demarcations. Indeed, terrorism in the present eraexacts a heavy toll, manifesting in myriad forms and encroaching upon all facets of communalexistence. In its deleterious wake, terrorism undermines the foundational tenets safeguarded by globallegal frameworks, thereby imperiling the bedrock principles that underpin civilizational norms. Thisscholarly exposition endeavors to scrutinize the multifaceted dimensions intrinsic to the phenomenonof terrorism, elucidating the intricate interplay of factors that precipitate recourse to violent means inthe pursuit of political objectives.