<p><strong><i>Purpose</i></strong> &ndash; The profitability of green supply chains is the subject of numerous debates, analyses, and studies. While meta-analysis results of previous studies indicate that implementing green supply chain management (GSCM) practices leads to better environmental and economic organizational performance and outcomes, the impact on social and operational performance is contradictory. This study aims to clarify the relative significance of external drivers (coercive, normative, mimetic) versus internal drivers (organizational capabilities) on adopting green supply chain management practices through qualitative analysis.</p> <p><strong><i>Design/methodology/approach</i></strong> &ndash; This study applies the qualitative research methodology and thematic analysis for collecting, analyzing and interpreting data. Primary data are collected using semi structured interviews (n = 6). Key informants are managers in SME BiH, representatives of EU delegations, university professors, public sector representative and key researches in the field of transition to green supply chains in BiH.</p> <p><strong><i>Findings </i></strong>&ndash; The results indicate that, while SMEs in BiH face significant challenges in transitioning to green supply chains, the potential benefits outweigh the barriers. Both internal and external challenges need to be addressed through a combination of strategic initiatives, government interventions, and international collaborations. Internally, companies face financial constraints, lack of expertise, resistance to organizational change, and insufficient investments in sustainable practices. Externally, barriers include underdeveloped markets, regulatory inconsistencies, limited government support, inefficiencies in market mechanisms, information gaps, and inadequate waste management infrastructure. These challenges collectively hinder the adoption of green practices and limit the pace of transition.</p> <p><strong><i>Research limitations/implications</i></strong> &ndash; This study is limited to qualitative insights from a small sample of industry professionals. Future research could expand the sample size and incorporate quantitative methods to validate the findings.</p>

This research examines different hypotheses that explain generic profitability within the framework of the hypothesis of efficiency, representing its main contribution to the use of direct measurement of efficiency through profitability and market competition. This measurement is achieved using pioneering techniques using a model in the scientific work Profitability, market structure and efficiency by M. Gumbau and J. Maudos (2000). Evidence obtained enables us not to reject the hypothesis about the profitability of oil producers in B&H, to determine whether the concentration positively affects profitability, and further, the results in most cases, enabled us to reject a clean hypothesis of efficiency since, although efficiency contributes positively to explaining the differences in profitability, the market share, which encompasses the effect of market power, also has a positive impact on it. So, from results obtained we do not reject the hypothesis of profitability so that we find positive relationship between profitability and the market share of Oil industry in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.