The aim of the study was to ascertain the existence of intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa of patients with gastric carcinoma coupled with H. pylori positive chronic atrophic gastritis and possible connection of IM with the development of gastric carcinoma. The paper presents prospective study that included 50 patients with gastric carcinoma and 50 patients with chronic atrophic H. pylori positive gastritis. All the patients were subjected to gastroscopy as well as biopsy targeted at antrum, lesser curvature and corpus and at the area 1-2 cm removed from tumor lesion. Biopsy samples were sliced by microtome and stained. We analyzed presence, frequency and severity of inflammatory-regenerative, metaplastic and dysplastic changes in the mucosa and evaluated their prognostic value. We typed IM immunohistochemically. This study confirmed responsibility of H. pylori for inflammatory events in gastric mucosa in patients with gastric carcinoma. According to our findings incomplete IM of types IIa and IIb as precancerous lesion is responsible for the development of gastric carcinoma and is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis grade I and II (92% of subjects, p=0.0097, h=1, p=0.01). Thus, the finding of incomplete intestinal metaplasia may be used as an indicator for early gastric carcinoma detection. Patients with patho-histologically verified incomplete intestinal metaplasia associated with active chronic atrophic gastritis of levels I and II represent risk group for the development of gastric carcinoma of intestinal type.

The aim of the study was to ascertain presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric carcinoma as a responsible promoter of inflammatory-regenerative changes, which lead to pathological differentiation and transformation of normal epithelial cells into intestinal type and, in progression, cause epithelial dysplasia that develops into early gastric carcinoma. The paper presents prospective study that includes clinical, pathohistological and microbiological aspects of carcinogenesis initiation in gastric mucosa. The subjects are patients treated at Gastroenterohepatology Clinic divided into two groups. One group included 50 patients with gastric carcinoma while the control group included 50 patients with chronic atrophic H. pylori positive gastritis. All the patients were subjected to endoscopy as well as biopsy targeted at antrum, lesser curvature and corpus and at the region 1-2 cm removed from tumor lesion. We used HUT test to verify H. pylori presence in biopsy samples. We analyzed the samples for presence, frequency and severity of inflammatory-regenerative, metaplastic and dysplastic changes in gastric mucosa and evaluated their meaning for the prognosis. Our study confirmed Helicobaster pylori responsibility for inflammatory events in gastric mucosa in patients with gastric carcinoma. Slight and mild epithelial dysplasia with chronic atrophic gastritis grade I and II coupled with intestinal metaplasia may be considered an indicator for early detection of carcinoma. Such patients represent risk group for gastric carcinoma development.

The aim of the study was to ascertain presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric carcinoma as a responsible promoter of inflammatory-regenerative changes, which lead to pathological differen- tiation and transformation of normal epithelial cells into intestinal type and, in progression, cause epithelial dysplasia that develops into early gastric carcinoma. The paper presents prospective study that includes clinical, pathohistological and microbiological aspects of carcinogenesis initiation in gastric mucosa. The subjects are patients treated at Gastroenterohepatology Clinic divided into two groups. One group included  patients with gastric carcinoma while the control group included  patients with chronic atrophic H. pylori positive gastritis. All the patients were subjected to en- doscopy as well as biopsy targeted at antrum, lesser curvature and corpus and at the region - cm removed from tumor lesion. We used HUT test to verify H. pylori presence in biopsy samples. We analyzed the samples for presence, frequency and severity of inflammatory-regenerative, metaplas- tic and dysplastic changes in gastric mucosa and evaluated their meaning for the prognosis. Our study confirmed Helicobaster pylori responsibility for inflammatory events in gastric mucosa in patients with gastric carcinoma. Slight and mild epithelial dysplasia with chronic atrophic gastritis grade I and II coupled with intestinal metaplasia may be considered an indicator for early detection of carcinoma. Such patients represent risk group for gastric carcinoma development.

Th e aim of the study was to ascertain the existence of intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa of patients with gastric carcinoma coupled with H. pylori positive chronic atrophic gastritis and possible connection of IM with the development of gastric carcinoma. Th e paper pres- ents prospective study that included  patients with gastric carcinoma and  patients with chronic atrophic H. pylori positive gastritis. All the patients were subjected to gastroscopy as well as biopsy targeted at antrum, lesser curvature and corpus and at the area - cm removed from tumor lesion. Biopsy samples were sliced by microtome and stained. We analyzed pres- ence, frequency and severity of infl ammatory-regenerative, metaplastic and dysplastic chang- es in the mucosa and evaluated their prognostic value. We typed IM immunohistochemically. Th is study confi rmed responsibility of H. pylori for infl ammatory events in gastric mucosa in patients with gastric carcinoma. According to our fi ndings incomplete IM of types IIa and IIb as precancerous lesion is responsible for the development of gastric carcinoma and is as- sociated with chronic atrophic gastritis grade I and II ( of subjects, p=,, h=, p=,). Th us, the fi nding of incomplete intestinal metaplasia may be used as an indicator for early gastric carcinoma detection. Patients with patho-histologicaly verifi ed incomplete intestinal metaplasia associated with active chronic atrophic gastritis of levels I and II represent risk group for the development of gastric carcinoma of intestinal type.

The aim of this paper is to establish by immunohistochemistry the expression of keratin 7 in inflammatory-regenerative flat bowel mucosa and in different grades of epithelial dysplasia regarding the sub-units expressed in normal and carcinomatous colonic mucosa. Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative changes and 196 as dysplastic lesions. There were 108 cases of mild dysplasia, 58 cases of moderate and 30 cases of severe dysplasia, respectively). Demonstration of location and intensity of cytokeratin 7 staining was performed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody (anti-cytokeratin 7). Findings of cytokeratin 7 in dysplastic lesions were compared with those in normal mucosa, inflammatory -regenerative mucosa and adenocarcinoma. Cytokeratin 7 is not found in normal colonic mucosa. In inflammatory-regenerative mucosa it was found in solitary cells in small number of cases. It is found in all cases of epithelial dysplasia and its expression showed no difference regarding moderate and severe dysplasia. In few cases of adenocarcinoma, cytokeratin 7 is found in traces and showed minimal staining intensity. Having in mind that cytokeratine 7 is primarily found in dysplastic lesions of the flat colonic mucosa it can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the histological interpretation of epithelial dysplasia.

Recent achievements in fields of physics, microelectronical devices and informatical sciences opened huge possibilities of applications in medical specialities. Spread imaging over routine high-resolution instruments continue to be in focus of scientific researches varying from simple staining techniques to most sophisticated photodynamical techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are radiological specialties, however; we mentioned them for promising achievements in computed data analysis and further improvements of virtual colonoscopy. During the last few years techniques of magnifying endoscopy have been improved including trials with narrow band endoscopy, autoflourescence endoscopy, elastic scattering spectroscopy and laser confocal microscopy. In many indications capsula endoscopy have been applied successfully.

UNLABELLED The aim of this research is to establish by immunohistochemistry if there is a change in the expression of collagen type IV, as a substitute of basement membrane, in development of epithelial dysplasia in chronically inflamed colon mucosa. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative and 196 as dysplastic lesions. There were 108 cases of mild dysplasia, 58 cases of moderate and 30 cases severe dysplasia, respectively. Visualisation of collagen IV and its way of expression within basement membrane of glandular crypts was performed by immunohistochemistry and then compared with findings in normal colon mucosa and colon adenocarcinoma tissue. RESULTS Changes in the expression of collagen IV comprised of its focal irregularities, diffuse thinning and/or thickening, focal interruptions or its complete absence. Significant changes in the expression of collagen IV in relation to normal mucosa already occur in inflammatory-regenerative mucosa. In mild dysplasia, these changes are more intensive in relation to those in inflammatory altered mucosa as well as at severe dysplasia in relation to moderate dysplasia. Changes in the expression of collagen IV in severe dysplasia are significantly more serious than in moderate dysplasia but are identical to those in colon adenocarcinoma tissue. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that change in the expression of collagen IV is in correlation to a degree of epithelial dysplasia that developed in flat chronically inflamed colon mucosa.

Stomach cancer is one of the most common tumors in human pathology. More than 95% of all gastric malignancy are adenocarcinomas developed from epithelial cells of gastric mucosa. Still, this is highly lethal disease with five-year surveillance of 20%. This review explains most frequently used classifications of gastric cancers, molecular and cellular abnormalities in gastric cancer, chromosomal abnormalities, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and growth factors involved in gastric carcinogenesis.

In chronic HBV infection, studies of outcome have shown that successful antiviral treatment undertaken early in course of diseases, may improve health and quality of life. Aims of treatment are: decrease of aminotransferase level to normal, histological necroinflammatory reduction, sustain loss of HbeAg and HBV DNA, antibodies on Hbe occurrence and loss of HbsAg with complete eradication of viral infection. Three therapeutical options are available: thymosine, lamivudine and standard interferon alpha. In future options, promising results are expecting from pegylated interferon, adefovire and entecavire.

The gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is frequent and causes by retrograde flow of the gastric content through incompetent gastroesophageal junction. Epidemiological studies have proved that GORD is associated with hearburn in high prevalence. In western countries several studies reported that 20-40% of adult population experience heartburn symptoms at least once in the year, approximately 10% have symptoms weekly and 5% daily. Esophagitis was objectively defined as a mucosal damage and it was endoscopically verificated in 25% of patients. Indeed, GORD symptoms and esophagitis are in poor correlation and less than half of patients with heartburn symptoms had esophagitis on endoscopy. From 1989, Savary Monniér and Metaplasia-Ulcer-Stricture-Erosion (MUSE) endoscopically classification is in use. From 1994, LA (Los Angeles) classification of reflux disease is also in use by endoscopists. During its life cycle, gastric mucosa is exposed to different harmful agents and its response is restitution "ad integrum" on the beginning and at the end of process. First line defence is mucuse barrier which prevent contact between epithelial cell and possible irritant. Important role in mucuse layer plays prostaglandins. After several classification systems previously used, in 1991 Price introduced Sydney system gradation and gastritis classification. Pointing out importance of topographical differences in gastritis distribution, system has introduced 5 histological variations in its Morphological section: chronic inflammation, neutrophylic activity, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasy and H. pylori colonisation, with 4 points grading.

BACKGROUND Relationships between Helicobacter pylori infection, inflammatory changes in antral region of gastric mucosa, and duodenal ulcer is well known and documented in a large number of studies. This trial is designed to examine effect of one week regimen of Pantoprazole, Amoxycillinum and Metronidazol to eradication of H. pylori, duodenal ulcer healing and histological changes on gastric mucosa. PATIENTS AND METHODS 30 patients with active duodenal ulcer, H. pylori-positive, 16 male, with average age 47.12 +/- 13.13 yrs (AVG +/- STD) and 14 female patients with average age 44.47 +/- 12.29 yrs were included in trial. Biopsy of gastric antral region were performed in each patient. Patients were given Pantoprazole 40 mg bid, Amoxycillinum 1000 mg bid, Metronidazolum 500 mg bid for 7 days. After 7 days of treatment, control endoscopy was performed with repeated rapid ureasa test for H. pylori and antral biopsy and with verification of duodenal ulcer healing. Patients were followed up for 24.3 +/- 9.7 weeks for occasion of subjective symptoms. RESULTS 96.67% patients were presented with eradicated H. pylori, complete ulcer healing was found in 83.34% patients after one week regimen (13.33% patients with ulcer reduced on one third of previous described), 73.33% of patients were presented with histologically feature of chronic gastritis turned from active to stationary phase. CONCLUSION One week regiment with Pantoprazole, Amoxycilline and Metronidazole is effective, and beside a high rate ulcer healing and eradication of H. pylori it provides an improvement of histological feature of antral gastritis.

Liver cirrhosis is characterized with alterations in hepatocytic perfusion, decreasing in number of hepatocytes and with seriously impared synthetic function of liver (hypoalbuminemy, inversion of albumino-globulinic ratio, hypoprothrombinemia). In a group of patients, suffered of liver cirrhosis with complication, we attempted to establish relationships between some of the typical clinical values: body weight in function of ascites evacuation, protein, albumin and value of prothrombin time in function of different groups of activity of aminotransferase in sera (AspAT, AlaAT) of improved and dead patients. We found a positive correlation for different groups of aminotransferase activities and laboratory values typical for liver cirrhosis with complications.