The mountain of Konjuh is characterized by a landscape of high aesthetic value with significant diversity in biological, geomorphological, and hydrological aspects. This, combined with its cultural-historical heritage, religious and traditional values, provides the foundation for educational, ecotourism, and sports-recreational tourism activities, as well as for visitor enjoyment and the development of economic activities. Located in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Konjuh, along with Ozren, Javor, and Javornik, forms part of the chain of peripheral (higher) mountains, which, together with Trebavac and Majevica, represent the transition from the Dinaric mountain system to the vast Pannonian plain. The average elevation of the mountain is 1,000 meters. The Tuzla Canton government has passed a law declaring a portion of Konjuh Mountain, covering an area of 8,016 hectares, as a Cultural Heritage site of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this study was to systematically inventory medicinal plant species at seven sites on Konjuh Mountain in three municipalities (Kladanj, Živinice, and Banovići) at different altitudes (from 560 to 1,100 meters), classify medicinal plant species based on taxonomic and ecological attributes, and create phytocenological field records. During the research, 109 medicinal plant species were identified, including endangered and endemic species. The taxonomic structure of the families of medicinal plants on Konjuh Mountain revealed the presence of 43 families, with the most represented being representatives of the Lamiaceae family at 13.76%, Asteraceae at 11.92%, Fabaceae at 7.33%, and Plantaginaceae at 5.50%. A phytogeographical analysis of the medicinal plant flora identified 11 areal types and groups. An analysis of the biological spectrum of flora in all habitats indicates the presence of six primary life form types, with hemicryptophytes (H) being dominant, accounting for 59 species.

Soil contamination with heavy metals is becoming an increasingly global issue, as elevated levels of heavy metals exceeding regulatory limits are diminishing agricultural productivity and consequently endangering human health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the seasonal dynamics, accumulation, and translocation of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in the organs of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) depending on soil content. The heavy metal content in soil and white clover samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the analyzed soil was significantly contaminated with Cu and Zn in the industrial zone (GS) and with Pb near the urban landfill (D3). The content of heavy metals in white clover varied depending on the location and season. It is evident that white clover accumulated certain metals in its roots and leaves during spring, summer, and autumn, including Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn. The analysis results indicated that Fe was the predominant element in white clover roots, while Zn and Fe were most abundant in the leaves. Values of BCF >1 and TF >1 for Zn suggest that white clover is a potential accumulator of this heavy metal.

Shallow mountain lakes are highly sensitive to eutrophication. Cyanobacteria and microalgae in planktonic communities are the main producers in lake ecosystems, but stability of its communities is impacted by numerous factors. The aim of this study is to analyze seasonal diversity and community structure of cyanobacteria and microalgae in plankton and periphyton of the lake Paučko, physical and chemical properties of water and evaluate trophic status. The mountain lake Paučko is the shallow natural lake in Protected landscape Konjuh in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sampling of net – phytoplankton, periphyton and water for physical and chemical analysis was caried in two seasons in 2018. Light microscopes and immersion objective (magnification 1000x) were used for the identification and quantification of microalgae. Non metric multimensional scaling and Simper analysis were used to describe communities in periphytic and planktic samples. In total, 70 taxa were identified. The most numerous were Bacillariophyta with 52, and Chlorophyta with 7 taxa. Seasonal dynamics in plankton communities were observed in the direction of shift of abundant Cyclotella meneghiniana, Dinobryon divergens, Peridinum cinctum and Ankistrodesmus fusiformus in spring season to Rabdoderma lineare and Pantocsekiella comensis in summer sampling season. Physical and chemical analysis of water revealed high values of total phosphorus, which correspond to the evaluated meso to eutrophic status of the lake calculated by Rott Trophic Index. The lake Paučko is under high pressure caused by the influx and retention of nutrients, which makes it susceptible to eutrophication. The results of the study provide the first insight into the diversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae for this lake and can be useful in planning of restoration measures in the context of ecological monitoring.

Benthic diatoms have gained prominence as environmental bioindicators since the beginning of the twentieth century. Epilithic diatom taxa are frequently used for ecological water-quality assessments of rivers. Diversity of these dominant group of protists in the benthic communities can be indicative of changes in the freshwater ecosystem. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity and ecology of diatoms of the Spreča River on the locations affected by urban and industrial pollution. Field sampling of the epilithic diatoms was carried out in the period of May 2021 at two locations, first before and second after the Lukavac city, which is known as industrial city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Taxonomic verification was carried out using light microscope on permanent slides and revealed in total 38 diatom taxa. The genera with the largest number of species were Diatoma, Navicula and Nitzshia. Identified taxa are widespread species that are known for tolerating  high levels of pollution. A slightly higher number of taxa was recorded at the first location, while at the second, a higher proportion of halophilic taxa was observed.

Invasive plant species are foreign species that usually have a negative impact to the native flora and vegetation, human health, or that cause damage to agriculture and the economy. Therefore, the spread of invasive species is one of the biggest problems in nature protection. The aim of the work is to determine the invasive plant species in the wider area of the city of Lukavac, to analyze the life forms and the geographical origin. The research was done during the summer months of 2021. This paper presents the results of research on invasive plant species in the wider area of the town of Lukavac, which is located in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and administratively belongs to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Tuzla Canton. Total 12 invasive species from 8 families and 12 genera were recorded. The largest number of species belongs to the Asteraceae family, while the other families are represented by one species. Among life forms, therophytes (58, 33%) and phanerophytes (25%) dominate. Geophytes and hemicryptophytes are represented by only one plant species. Recorded invasive plant species come from North America (75%) and Asia (25%).

Plantation cultivation of grafted walnuts in Bosnia and Herzegovina did not exist until 6 years ago. Walnut seedlings (Juglans regia L) were mainly planted, which showed all the shortcomings related to the trees obtained from the seeds. In the last 5 years, there has been interest in planting grafted walnuts, so in this regard there was a need for controlled introduction of varieties suitable for this area. Research was conducted during 2020 - 2021 at four walnut tree cultivars, Chandler, Franquette, Fernor i Fernette. The aim of the research is to determine how certain varieties behave in agroecological conditions of the Majevica region and on that basis to give a proposal of the best variety for further spread in the area of this region. The research was conducted within the project number 02 / 9-712-1-5-3 / 21. The research was carried out at the Skakava Gornja site at an altitude of 192 m with a southwestern exposure (plot I) and a northeastern exposure at 172 m above sea level (plot II), with a terrain slope of 8%. The research related to vegetative growth included counting and measuring the average, then the minimum and maximum growth during two years. Yield monitoring included counting and measuring fruit number, average fruit size and calculating average yield. Generally the Chandler and Franquette varieties planted on the I plot had a stronger growth. Taking into account the vegetative growth, the number and size of fruits as well as the yield in the observed period, the Chandler and Franquette varieties are recommended for further expansion.

Rose family (Rosaceae) is one of  richest and most geographically widespread species of plant families. This family includes herbaceous and woody species, shrubs, and trees; the leaves are different, simple, or differently complex. The genus Fragaria (strawberry) includes perennial herbaceous plants. It is characteristic of this genus that the species are intensively vegetatively propagated using overhead stolons. The flowers are with a five-membered perianth and a developed outer cup. The flower has a larger number of anthers and carpels. A sample was taken at each site at least 30 individuals from the population in the flowering and fruiting phenophase. Morphological variability was assessed based on 5 populations and 150 individuals. This paper aims to determine the most variable and most consistent morphological characters that can serve in full and critical taxonomic analysis and revision of this variable taxon as well as related taxa from the family Rosaceae. Determine the forms and levels of individual, population, and interpopulation variability of the species Fragaria vesca L. depending on the environmental factors under which develop. Conducted comparative morphological analyzes have shown that the species Fragaria vesca L. shows a high degree of variability for all analyzed characters. Vegetative plant characters have a far greater share in overall variability compared to generative ones character. Pold does not belong to the group of those plant parts that vary the most.

Organic food production contributes to the preservation of human health, preservation and protection of the environment and increase of soil fertility, reduction of all forms of pollution as a consequence of intensive agricultural production and animal husbandry. Hence by purchasing products that carry the label organic product consumers indirectly affect the protection and preservation of the environment Organic food is food that is worth investing in due to the smaller amount of harmful substances in the products. Cornel cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the most suitable species for organic production. It is adaptable to various abiotic factors and is resistant to numerous pests and diseases. Aims: The aim of the study was to select promising dogwood phenotypes from the natural population for further reproduction by grafting. Study Design: The subject of the research was selected 6 self-growing dogwoods from a rural area. Place and Duration of Study: Samples of fruit were collected at the site of Ćehaje, City of Srebrenik,Tuzla Canton, BiH in the spring of 2019. Methodology: In order to determine the best traits, the measurement of physical quantities, determination of coefficients of variation and analysis of chemical characteristics of dogwood fruits harvested from trees of 6 wild phenotypes marked as DKA1, DKA2, DKA3, DKA4, DKA5 and DKA6 were performed. Results: Based on the analyzed indicators, the DKA6 phenotype showed the best results.

Allelopathy can have an important applicaiton in areas of agriculture, especially in integrated protection from weeds, by using of allelopathic crops in different ways. In this research allelopathic effects of invasive species acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)  and white goosefood (Chenopodium album L.) are explored on germination of   tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Water extracts of dry leaves of white goosefoot and acacia are prepared according tothe  method : Norsworthy (2003). Experiment has been made in controlled laboratory conditions. Results of this research show that acacia and white goosefood have negative allelopathy potential and they act inhibitory on germination of tomatoes. Research of allelopathy and allelopathic relationships of weed species and agricultural cultures represents a big challenge for those people who are working in food production, and at the same time can be an instrument of ecologically sustainable agriculture.

Interest in paulownia got its momentum around the world. With its fast-growing nature and large leaf surfaces this species can absorb significant amounts of sulfur dioxide and dust particles. The cities of Tuzla and Lukavac, as most other Bosnian-Herzegovinian towns, have a number of geo-ecological problems, and the most pronounced one is negative anthropopressing on the atmospheric complex and pedospheric cover. This area, especially during the winter period, has a disrupted air quality where the greatest polluters are individual heating places, transport, industry and energy sector. The pedologic cover of the wider area of Tuzla and Lukavac has suffered significant changes and is largely devastated. The processes of destruction of soils lead to complete destruction or formation of a new land with modified characteristics. High rainfall is a major cause of destabilization of slopes, but also is the negative anthropogenic activity in the area. Landslides have caused significant material damages, particularly in the residential structures of slope zones of the mentioned cities and suburban areas. This paper presents the basic biological characteristics of woody species paulownia elongata, and the possibility of planting it in areas that are now unused so to improve the quality of air, as well as on surfaces that are threatened by landslides.

Lukavac, as many other Bosnian and Herzegovinian industrial cities, especially in the winter period, has deteriorated air quality and the greatest polluters are industry, individual heating and transportation. Considering that Lukavac is situated in the valley in which numerous industrial facilities are installed, in the periods of unfavorable weather conditions the town and its surroundings are naturally predisposed for additional air pollution. In this paper we analyze the possibility to form bioparks, which would have positive impacts on the ecological and economic conditions in Lukavac and similar environments. To establish the bioparks, the degraded and abandoned land surfaces, caused by soil erosion or the surface exploitation of mineral resources, could be used. These are located at numerous locations and cover large areas, both in Lukavac and in other industrial areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper presents the basic biological characteristics of paulownia and possibilities of planting this tree in areas that are now unused, in the space which is characterized by extreme pollution of atmospheric complex. The selected method is bioremediation, and in this case it is the planting of biological material or woody plant species Paulownija elongata. In this way the degraded surfaces would get the function of biological parks, that is, they would become "oxygen producer" surfaces, and absorbers of CO2 which is emitted from industrial plants. This species has rapid growth and development of biomass, so the bioparks could be used to serve as the surfaces for alternative fuel with minimal amounts of sulfur, and also as eco - educational parks.

30 individuals from each population of the Fragaria vesca in the fruiting phenophase were collected in the ecologically different habitats. Morphological variation was investigated using 10 populations and 300 individuals. All specimens were properly preserved in a Formalin-Acetic Acid mixture and stored in herbarium. The fruits of Fragaria vesca were investigated in order to determine the most variable and the most consistent morphological character, depending on the environmental factors under which they developed. Each population and its belonging individuals were labeled with special numbers. The percentage of variability for the height of fruit is 24.338% and for the width of fruit is 25.747%. However, considering high resource values ​​of strawberries, it is necessary to emphasize that the size of the fruit follows the overall size of an individual.

3 . Anthropogenic emissions of heavy metals affect the ongoing pollution of the Tuzla area. Cultivated plants acquire large amounts of heavy metals and therefore there is a real possibility of their involvement in the food chain. Goals: The basic objective of this paper is to determine the content and dynamics of heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the fruit and leaves of plum (Prunus domestica L.) in the Tuzla area in order to obtain information about their impact on the environment. Materials and methods: Research consisted of fieldwork and laboratory analysis. Plant material was sampled at nine sites in the Tuzla area and prepared for chemical analysis of heavy metals. The content of heavy metals: chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), in solutions of plant material samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS method), with the instrument "Perkin- Elmer" 3110 and graphite cuvette "Perkin-Elmer" HGA-440. Determination of heavy metals was carried out according to ASTM-E 1812-96 standard. Results: The determined values of cadmium and copper content in plum leaves were higher than the natural content for plants in non-polluted environments in most localities. Cadmium concentration in the fruit of plum on most sites exceeded natural values of 0.8 mg/kg. The content of zinc in the fruit of plum at all locations was within the limits of the average value. In plum leaves the identified concentrations at the site of Donji Bistarac were 2.5 times higher than the average value which is 30 mg/kg. The highest concentration of chromium in leaves of plum was found at the site Donji Bistarac (2.25 mg/kg), and lowest at the site Donji Pasci. Plum fruit has a much smaller amount of the mentioned metal than a leaf, except at the site Donji Pasci where the determined values were 3 times higher than the average. Conclusion: The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found on sites that are located near industrial plants. Therefore, in the industrial-urban areas there should be provided continuous monitoring of heavy metals content in order to produce healthy food and improve the quality of life of people.