Current research on entrepreneurial orientation is mostly from a firm-level perspective, focuses on developed countries, and recent studies treat entrepreneurial orientation as a uni-dimensional construct. Studies on entrepreneurial orientation from a generational perspective mostly use a comparison between two groups (young and old) and neglect the well-accepted classification of generational cohorts. This study therefore examines the individual dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactivity) among the Baby Boomers, Generations X, Y, and Z in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey that yielded a sample of 1,082 adults from Bosnia and Herzegovina. One-way analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe, Welch’s F, and least significant post-hoc tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results show some evidence that individual entrepreneurial orientation varies significantly between generations, at different levels of significance. Risk-taking generally decreases with older generations, as does innovativeness, except when comparing Generations X and Y, while proactiveness increases with older generations. The study provides valuable information for future entrepreneurs, business incubators and potential investors.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between age and entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions considering the mediating role of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) dimensions (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactiveness). Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from 782 individuals from Bosnia and Herzegovina’s working-age population using a cross-sectional survey design. Hypotheses were tested via structural equation modeling. Findings Younger individuals have significantly higher intentions for entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship than older individuals. The mediating role of IEO was partially supported in the case of the relationship between age and entrepreneurial intention as well as age and intrapreneurial intention. While risk-taking and innovativeness partially mediate the relationship, proactiveness does not. Originality/value This study takes a comprehensive approach when examining the relationship between age and entrepreneurial/intrapreneurial intentions in a developing economy while considering the indirect effects of IEO dimensions.

This article investigates the relationship between the dimensions of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (which includes attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived control behavior) and entrepreneurial intentions and intrapreneurial intentions, considering entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator. Using the snowball sampling method, cross-sectional data were collected from 437 respondents. After testing for reliability and validity using confirmatory factor analysis, hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression. The results indicate that the attitudes toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control positively relate to entrepreneurial intentions. In contrast, attitude toward intrapreneurship is the only dimension of the theory of planned behavior positively related to intrapreneurial intentions. The moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation is only significant for the relationship between attitude toward entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. Based on the results, several recommendations are made for businesses and policymakers to boost entrepreneurial activity among the current labor force.

PurposeThe study aims to examine whether there is a difference in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and intrapreneurial intentions (II) between current labor force (CLF) and future labor force (FLF). Moreover, the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a common determinant has been presented.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was used to collect the data from 472 members of the CLF and 310 members of the FLF in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To test the hypotheses, Welch's t-test and multiple regression were used.FindingsThe findings show that there is a difference in both EI and II between CLF and FLF and that individual EO, to a certain degree, is a determinant of them.Originality/valueThe study extends the literature by offering a comparative approach to two populations within the same country. Furthermore, the study deviates from a more traditional approach that EI and II are divergent constructs with different determinants.

This article investigates the relationship between the dimensions of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (which includes attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived control behavior) and entrepreneurial intentions and intrapreneurial intentions, considering entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator. Using the snowball sampling method, cross-sectional data were collected from 437 respondents. After testing for reliability and validity using confirmatory factor analysis, hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression. The results indicate that the attitudes toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control positively relate to entrepreneurial intentions. In contrast, attitude toward intrapreneurship is the only dimension of the theory of planned behavior positively related to intrapreneurial intentions. The moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation is only significant for the relationship between attitude toward entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. Based on the results, several recommendations are made for businesses and policymakers to boost entrepreneurial activity among the current labor force.

This study investigates the entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of the working-age population in Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering a set of demographic and entrepreneurial background factors. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 782 responses were collected. To test hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis, Welch's t-test, one-way variance analysis with Brown-Forsythe, Welch's F, and least square difference post hoc tests were used. The results suggest several theoretical and practical implications. First, entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions are statistically different constructs. Second, there were mixed results regarding demographic factors where age is a significant differentiator in entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions, experience and education are partial, while gender is insignificant. Third, concerning entrepreneurial background factors, both entrepreneurial education and family are significant differentiators in entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions. Finally, the study contributes to the current state of knowledge by empirically demonstrating divergence between entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions, extending the comparative research to the working-age population, and providing implications within the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the antecedents of employee engagement in family and non-family businesses by using the model developed by Saks (2006). Further, the study examines whether there is a difference in employee engagement between employees in family and non-family firms. A quantitative study is applied through cross-sectional survey method by using online questionnaire for data collection. The final sample consists of 126 participants out of which 68 were employees in family businesses and 58 in non-family businesses. The results gave little support for both hypotheses. The partial support was found in the model of antecedents of employee engagement while no support was found for the difference in employee engagement when it comes to comparison between employees in family and non-family businesses.

This paper analyses employment segregated market, as method of discrimination that is rather common and present in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (B&H) labor market. Data on B&H’s labor market were gathered, and examined by using a Mann Whitney test. Since this nonparametric test does not depend on normality of data, it was a best fitting test, for two independent populations, male and female population. Results of our analysis on analysis of person in employment by group of economics activities, shown that in B&H more men are employed than women, and women appear to be more economically inactive in all three groups of sections of economics activities that are selected for the analysis namely agriculture, industry and service sector. In order to resolve this problem several recommendations were given among which primary research on education attainment and employment opportunities should be conducted on the country level. It is needed to insure that gender equality law and gender action plan will be fully and equally implemented across the country, at all levels and entities.