Introduction: Numerous epidemiological international studies as well as knowledge based on clinical experience show high prevalence and the importance of the psychiatric comorbidity with depressive and anxiety disorders. Goal: The aim of this study is to analyze prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders and depression in subjects at the Day Hospital of the Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University (CCUS) and examine the demographic profile of the patients. Material and methods: Study involved 230 randomly selected patients (aged between 18 and 65 years, N=230, who were hospitalized at the Day Hospital of the Psychiatric Clinic of Clinical center of University of Sarajevo from January 1st to December 31st 2011) and who were interviewed by the Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) which generated ICD-X diagnoses and assessment of the comorbidity. Depressive symptoms were assessed by Beck’s Depression Inventory with 28 items. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with Beck’s Anxiety Inventory scale with 21 items. Study is retrospective, clinical and epidemiological. Results: Of the total number of patients (230) it was determined that 107 (46.5%) have depressive episode; 71 (30.9%) anxiety disorder. Comorbidity of these two disorders was found in 14 (6.1%) cases. Anxiety disorders were more represented in women (61.2%), as well as depressive disorders and comorbidity (70.1% and 85.7%). Subjects with depression on average was 52.9±7.4 years old (range 29-64 years), patients with anxious disorders 50±9.5 years (range 22-65 years) while patients with comorbidity of these two entities was at mean age of 54.5±4.5 years. The least common category of education was retired persons and respondents with university education for all three entities. Hospitalization duration for depression, anxiety, and comorbidity of these two disorders is highest for depression (47.1±9.7 days) and shortest in case of comorbidity (45.9±6.9 days). Conclusion: Depression and anxiety often coexist. When they occur in comorbidity, both anxiety and depression appear to be more severe. Severely depressed and anxious patients have reduced capacity to work and as such represents a considerable burden to the family and the community. Overview of depression, anxiety and the comorbidity of these two diagnoses (listed as primary diagnosis) in the baseline sample showed that there was most patients with depression (107 or 46.5%), followed by anxiety (71 or 30.9%) and comorbidity with 14 patients or 6.1%. Effective assessment, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment can lead to better treatment outcomes in primary care and improved quality of life.

Introduction: Climate and its impact on human health and mental illness have been in the focus of the research since years in the field. Aim: The aim of the research is to study the admissions rate to the psychiatric clinic in correlation to seasons and climate. Material and method: The research was conducted in a Psychiatric clinic of the Clinical Center in Sarajevo. Randomly selected subjects (aged 5-89 years, 1316 males and 1039 females) N=2355, were interviewed by the Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) which generated DSM-IV. In this retrospective-prospective, clinicalepidemiological study subjects were divided into groups according to type of disorders. Correlation between the impact of seasons and the rate of admissions to a Psychiatric clinic was analyzed. Certain data were taken from Federal Hydrometeorological Institute in Sarajevo of the climatic situation for period of the study. Results and conclusions: Of the total number of subjects who were admitted to the clinic in the period of 2010/2011 the most common diagnoses were F10-F19, F20-F29, F30-F39, F40-F48, and the suicide attempts as the separate entity. It was found correlation between certain seasons and the effects of the certain weather parameters at an increased admission rate of subjects with the certain diseases.

Introduction: Psychiatric disorders have been considered to have seasonal variation for a long time. Goal: The goal of this research is to study the admissions rate of neurotic and somatoform disorders, as well as stress induced disorder in relation to season and climatic factors during 2010/2011. Material and method: The research was conducted at the Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Center of University in Sarajevo. Randomly selected subjects (aged 5-89 years, 1316 males and 1039 females) N=2355, were interviewed by the Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) which generated DSM-IV diagnoses. In this retrospective-prospective, clinical-epidemiological study subjects were divided into groups according to type of disorders. Correlation between the impact of seasons and the rate of admissions to a Psychiatric clinic was analyzed. Certain data were taken from Federal Hydrometeorological Institute in Sarajevo about the climatic situation for period of the study. Results and conclusions: From the total number of subjects who were admitted to the clinic in the period of 2010/2011 the most common diagnoses were F10-F19, F20-F29, F30-F39, F40-F48, and the suicide attempts as the separate entity. It was found the correlation between certain seasons and the effects of the certain weather parameters at an increased admission rate of subjects with the neurotic, somatoform and stress induced disorders.

PROFESSIONAL PAPER SUMMARY Introduction: Clinical experience and epidemiological, clinical international studies show a high prevalence and significance of psychiatric co- morbidity of depression and anxiety disorders. Goal: The goal of this study was to analyze the comorbidity of anxiety disorders and depression in patients at a Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University (CCUS), and examine the demographic profile of the patients. Material and methods: The study included 1202 patients with different diagnoses, hospitalized at the Psychiatric Clinic CCUS from January 1st 2010 to December 31st 2010. Of this total was selected 491 patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. The intensity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), with 17 items, and anxiety symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory Scale with 21 items. The study was retrospective, clinical and epidemiological. Results: Of the total number of patients (1202) 424 (35.3%) patients had depressive disorders and anxiety disorders in 57 (4.7%). Comorbidity of these disorders occurs in 10 (0.8%) of patients. Depressive disorders were more present among males (89.1%), while the anxiety disorders and comorbidity in women with 13% and 3%. Depressive disorders are more common (91.7%) among older respondents (over 65 years) and an anxiety up to 25 years of age (25%). Comorbidity was present in 2.6% in age from 26-45 years. Smallest representation had the category of pupils/students with depression, and respondents with university education, which are mostly represented with anxiety disorders. According to duration of hospitalization is highest for depression (over 90 days) and shortest in the case of anxiety (30 days). Conclusion: The results of clinical and epidemiological studies indicate a trend that anxiety disorders and depression occur in comorbidity (simultaneous or alternating) more often than other psychiatric disorders. Clinical experience and epidemiological, clinical international studies show a high prevalence and significance of psychiatric comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders. Severely depressed and anxious patients have reduced capacity for work, and as such represent a considerable burden to family, community and society. Proper diagnosis, monitoring and treatment leads to better and higher quality of life. Required is a further research of this complex phenomenon on a larger sample in order to improve prevention that is still inefficient.

BACKGROUND To identify the presence of schizophrenia among patients and their relatives, factors affecting duration and prognosis of the disease and other etiological factors related to schizophrenia. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive, analytical and epidemiological research, which was conducted at the Psychiatric hospital of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo during 2007, covered randomly selected 100 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia according to diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Diagnosis of schizophrenia among relatives was based on anamnesis- Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) and it was applied to confirm DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia. RESULTS The presence of schizophrenia among patient relatives was the most important in etiology of schizophrenia (62%), and etiological factors were represented in 38 % of examinees (p=0,0001). Among relatives of examinees aged 20 - 30 years, schizophrenia was present in 37 (59.7%) cases. Schizophrenia among relatives caused earlier appearance of the disease. Duration of hospitalization of over 60 days was in the group of examinees which have the relatives with schizophrenia, 18 (29.0%); multiple hospitalizations were noted in the group of relatives in 40 (64.5%) cases; in one case (8.3%) traumatic experience was noted, in three (42.8%) acute stress, and in four 4 cases (28.6%) non-adequate living conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that reversionary factors are responsible for inducing schizophrenia, which leads towards chronic course of the disease and worsened prognosis.

Summary Introduction: Affective disorders were known even in ancient times. Today is the official name of the ICD-10 bipolar affective disorder (F31) and represent sub category of mood disorders (affective disorders) with code F30-F39. Goal: The aim of this study was to examine and display the frequency of bipolar disorders in the total number of patients at the Psychiatric Clinic in the period 2006-2008, in order to examine the demographic profile of patients and to determine the length of hospitalization. One of the goals is also to show the number of patients with bipolar disorder compared to all other patients in the group F30-39, with respect to the research period. Patients and methods: During the research is used a retrospective-prospective study of clinical-epidemiological character. The study included all 3713 patients with different diagnoses, which were hospitalized at the Psychiatric Clinic of the Clinical Center in Sarajevo in the period from January 1st 2006 to December 31st 2008. From the total number of 3713 respondents selected are those with bipolar affective disorder, 63 (1.7%). The diagnosis was set according to ICD-10 Classification (F30-39). Results: Of the total number of patients 3713, there were 63 (1.7%) subjects with BD. From this number in 2006 was 21 (1.6%); in 2007–20 (1.7%), and in 2008–22 (1.7%) Patients with F31.1 was present in 2006 year as 5 (23.9%) cases and in 2007 the dominant group consists of respondents with F31.2–8 (40%), while in 2008 patients with F31.2 had 7 cases (31, 8%). The average duration of hospitalization in 2006 amounted to 43.7 days in 2007 to 40.9 and in 2008 to 37 days. Conclusion: Bipolar disorder is often incorrectly diagnosed as is also possible in this study given the small percentage of the disorder in relation to the total number of patients. Bipolar disorder has a direct impact on the quality of life of patients. Because of these facts, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are very important, and as a result, their suicide prevention.

Researches have proved that multiple and extended hospitalizations were noted among examinees with schizophrenia. Aim of this work is to determine and show the frequency re-hospitalization for patients with schizophrenia during 2006. -2009. Gender, year, education level, duration of the treatment were analyzed as well. This retrospective-descriptive and epidemiological study covered randomly selected 85 repeatedly hospitalized patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV. Subjects were selected out of total number of 727 who get diagnose of Schizophrenia Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) was used as instrument of research. From total number of hospitalized patients with Schizophrenia 85(11.7%) has had re-hospitalization, out of which in 2006; 26 (12.3%), 2007; 24(14.5%), 2008; 14 (8.1%), 2009; 21 (11.9%). Two repeated hospitalization during 2006 had 24 (92.3%) subjects; with three; 2 (7.7%). During 2007 with two hospitalization were 21 (87.5%) subjects; three repeated hospitalizations 3 (12.5%). In the year 2008 two hospitalization had 13 (92.9%); three 1 (7.1%) subjects. In the year 2009 two hospitalization had 21 (100%) subjects. Males had more repeated hospitalization then females. Results show ages, education level, and duration of hospitalization as well. Conclusion: There is a need of repeated hospitalizations among patients with schizophrenia, because of chronic course of disease.