Introduction: Since the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is typically tied to specific geographical areas, it is very important to know the sensitivity of some bacteria to antimicrobial drugs in that particular area for the application of appropriate empiric treatment of certain infections. Children, especially very young children, are at high risk of developing infections caused by microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. This is directly related to the use of antimicrobial agents in food production. Objective: Determine the relationship between the emergence of urinary tract infections’ resistance causative agents to antibiotics in children aged up to 6 years in relation with animal origin nutrition of a child. Methods: Observational cross-sectional method was used to study the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria triggering urinary tract infections in relation with children consuming animal products during the surveyed period. Results: Correlating the survey data on children's nutrition and laboratory tests of resistance in bacteria causing urinary tract infections in children, a statistically significant incidence of antibiotic resistant infections in children who consumed animal products (meat, milk, fish and eggs) was found. Resistance was found to: cefazoline in 26 (31%) patients (p = 0.008), cefuroxime axetil in 15 (18%) (p = 0.048), cefotaxime in 9 (11%) (p = 0.010), ceftazidine in 5 (6%) (p = 0.001), cefepime in 3 (3.5%) (p = 0.001), cefixime in 12 (14%) (p = 0.046) cefpodoxime in 17 (20%) (p = 0.025), to kanamycin 15 (18%) (p = 0.004), and to ciprofloxacin in 2 (2.3%) children (p = 0.018). Conclusions: The investigation found a statisticly significant link between the rate of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections triggerng bacteria and consumption of animal products. More stringent scrutiny of antibitic use in agriculture, veterinary practice and food industry is needed.

AIM To determine the significance of obesity as a risk factor in high school population with hypertension. METHODS Testing was conducted during the school year 2006-2007 on a sample of 1121 students, 15-18 years of age (306 boys and 815 girls) from three high schools in Zenica (Grammar School, Teacher Training High School and Secondary School for Nurses). Increased relative risk factor with reliability coefficient that points to the significance of the correlation of risk factors and development of a disease was examined using analytical epidemiological research methods and statistical analysis (the linear correlation coefficient, χ2 test, and the relative risk ) . RESULTS Obesity, e.g. Body Mass Index (BMI) more than 95 was found in 15 (5%) boys and 57 (7%) girls. Increased relative risk of developing essential arterial hypertension was found in obese boys (RR= 9.00 ) and girls (RR= 2.66) with the coefficient of reliability which pointed to the significance of the relationship between obesity and arterial hypertension morbidity. CONCLUSION Obesity is a significant risk factor for the occurrence of essential arterial hypertension in boys and girls. Monitoring the nutritional status of youth, regular systematic medical examinations with measuring tension and implementing measures to control nutrition, are important preventive public health tasks.

AIM To determine the prevalence and etiological agents of significant bakteriuria in children younger than six, as well as the incidence of anatomical abnormalities of the urinary system in children with established significant bakteriuria. METHODS Data were collected from hospital records of children treated at the Department for Preschool and School Health Care, the Primary Health Care Center Zenica and from discharge letters for children hospitalized at the Department of Pediatrics, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 2007-2009. RESULTS A total of 5379 children were included in the study. Significant bacteriuria was present in 352 (6.5%) children, among those 114 (32.4%) were boys and 238(67.6%) girls. Recidivism of significant bakteriuria was found in 92 children (26.1%), and abnormal ultrasound findings in 58 (16.4%) children. The most common isolated pathogens were E. coli, in 170 (48.3%), K. pneumoniae, in 61 (17.3%), P. mirabilis in 53 (15%), and P. vulgaris, in 12 (34.1%) cases. CONCLUSION As UTIs in children are often symptomless and unrecognizable, and an untreated UTI can lead to subsequent impairment of renal function, it is very important to detect bakteriuria in children.

Aim and purpose: Proving the effects of airborne pollutants regarding the rate of mortality caused by malignant diseases as well as determining its incidence and prevalence. Methods and materials: Research has descriptive-analytic character and it is retrospective regarding its type. The group used statistically in the research consists of residents of municipality Zenica, municipality Zavidovići, and air pollutants (sulphur dioxide and airborne particles). Cantonal public health office in Zenica conducted the research with the data assistance from: Metallurgic institute “Kemal Kapetanović”, Cantonal and Federal statistics department, Federal public health office, and Municipal office Zenica. Specific questionnaires have been prepared for the use in the research. They are filled in from the existing bulletins, reports, yearbooks etc. Also the existing reports from the “Kemal Kapetanović” Institute, bulletins from the Cantonal public health office Zenica, and statistics reports from the Federal and Cantonal public health offices have been used. When determining the risk of disease, for the statistical analysis of data several methods were used: descriptive statistics methods, chi-squared test, and correlation tests. Results: During the 30 years period of time, 100% of the population of all age groups from municipalities Zenica and Zavidovići were considered. After analysing the data with the Chi-squared test, correlation and disease risk outcomes, the results show that the air pollution has the effect on the mortality rate caused by malignant diseases. Air pollution dispersion is significantly higher in Zenica than in the control group, there is a high correlation between getting sick and dying. Conclusions: City of Zenica has higher concentration of sulphur dioxide and airborne particles than in the city of Zavidovići. More people die from malignant diseases in Zenica than in Zavidovići.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between average monthly concentrations of sulfur dioxide and a rate of prescribed inhalation bronchodilator therapy in children aged under 6 years during 2011 in Zenica city. The average monthly concentration of sulfur dioxide of 231μg/m3 recorded in January, 82 μg/m3 in July and 296μg/m3 in December was noted. The monthly rate of prescribed inhalation bronchodilators in examined 100 children was 15.4% in January, 7.8% in July and 18.1% in December (r = 0.666; p less than 0.05). The increase in the average monthly concentration of sulfur dioxide in ambient air had an effect on the increase in the rate of applied inhalation bronchodilator therapy in children aged under 6 years.

Introduction: The ambience of the city of Zenica, with high concentrations of pollutants in the air, as a consequence of the technological process of production of ferrous metals, causing a high risk of illness and exacerbation of respiratory diseases among residents of Zenica, especially inrisk population groups, such as children with asthma. The goal: The main objective of this work was to determine the correlation of monthly and quarterly average concentration of SO2 with the number of medical visits in asthmatic children, five-year period since 2006. by 2010. Methods: We analyze trends in average monthly and quarterly sulfur dioxide concentrations in the city of Zenica, the number of medical visits asthmatic children and asked for statistical correlation between these two health-statistics appear in the five-year period of 2006. 2010.The results: Statistical analysis shows that increased an average concentration of SO2 increased the average number of medical visits asthmatic children. Pearson correlation coefficient between the average concentration of SO2 in μg/m3 of air and the average number of visits by asthmatic children yearly quarters is 0.571, which means that there is a significant positive correlation between the average concentrations of SO2 and the average number of visits asthmatic children, but this correlation was not significant, probably due small series of patients (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Increased the average concentration of SO2 in ambient air increased the average number of medical visits asthmatic children.

INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution in the town of Kakanj, mostly of industrial origin, has become a major reason for increased use of 1 health care services by children under the age of six years. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between ambient concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (NOx), and the frequency/number of visits to health care institutions by children under the age of six years. MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigation was carried out in the period from January to December 2003, in the area of Kakanj and Brnjic. We examined the average number of monthly visits to health care institutions and concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitrogen oxides in the town of Kakanj. RESULTS The investigation shows that there is a linear increase of visits to health care institutions in relation to linear increase of concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitrogen oxides (O<R<+1). An increase in visits to health care institutions significantly correlates (0.05) with the average concetrations of sulphur dioxide (0.713) and suspended particles (0.433), and with the average concentrations of nitrogen oxides (0.901). DISCUSSION High correlation between the increase in visits to health care institutions and increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide was also found by Berktas, Jazbec, Transande. CONCLUSION Children under the age of six in the town of Kakanj visit health care institutions considerably more frequently than children of the same age in the village of Brnjic, which significantly corelates with the average monthly concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitroge noxides in the air.

Introductory: Ambiental air in town of Kakanj, stressed by polutants of mostly industrial origin, has become a major reason for increased use of medical care by school children and youth. The goal: The goal of this work is to examine corelation between ambiental concentrations of sulphurdioxid (SO2), suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (NOx), and of number of visits by schoo l children and youth to medical care institiutions. Method: In period from January to December 2003., in the area of Kakanj and Brnjic, the investigation was carried on the monthly average of visits to medical care institutions and concentrations of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides in the area of “Dom Kulture” Kakanj.The results: The investigation has shown that there is a linear increase of visits to medical care institutions in relation to linear increase of concetration of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (O<R<+1). Conclusions: The school children and the youth in town of Kakanj visit medical institiutions considerably more frequently in comparison to the same age group in village of Brnjic, in corelation to monthly average values of concentration of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides in air.

Introductory: Ambiental air in town of Kakanj, stressed by polutants of mostly industrial origin, has become a major reason for increased use of medical care by school children and youth. The goal: The goal of this work is to examine corelation between ambiental concentrations of sulphurdioxid (SO2), suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (NOx), and of number of visits by schoo l children and youth to medical care institiutions. Method: In period from January to December 2003., in the area of Kakanj and Brnjic, the investigation was carried on the monthly average of visits to medical care institutions and concentrations of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides in the area of “Dom Kulture” Kakanj.The results: The investigation has shown that there is a linear increase of visits to medical care institutions in relation to linear increase of concetration of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (O<R<+1). Conclusions: The school children and the youth in town of Kakanj visit medical institiutions considerably more frequently in comparison to the same age group in village of Brnjic, in corelation to monthly average values of concentration of sulphurdioxide, suspended particles and nitrogenoxides in air.

The ambient air in Zenica being heavily polluted under the influence of the dirty metallurgic technologies in this town caused the great risk to the respiratory diseases on its citizens. The task of this work was to investigate the possible correlation of the morbidity in non-specific acute respiratory diseases among school children of 7 to 14 yeas of age, with mean concentrations of sulfur dioxide (S02) in ambient air of the two towns Zenica and Zavidovići. The retro-prospective study was established in the two groups of school children exposed and nonexposed to the air pollution within the period between 1987. and 1999. There were followed the incidence of acute non-specific respiratory diseases in the comparison to the levels of air pollution. In statistical analysis it was found that there is the positive degree of the level of +0,727369 in the correlation between the quarterly mean concentrations of the S02 in the ambient air and the incidence of the non-specific respiratory diseases; there were the linear ups of the incidence of the diseases parallel with the linear ups of the concentrations of the S02, statistically expressed like: 0<R<+1. The marked connection was found between the incidence of acute non-specific respiratory diseases among school children and the mean concentrations of S02 in ambient air of the two towns.