Urbanization of cities demands efficient spatial management. The construction of utility lines significantly alters the spatial landscape. The subsurface space is often neglected, resulting in outdated or absent records of underground utility infrastructure. This clearly underscores the need and importance of maintaining accurate utility records. Modern non-destructive techniques for underground utility detection, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), can enhance the documentation and mapping of subsurface infrastructure. The subject of this paper is the optimization of GPR survey and processing workflows to improve the accuracy of underground utility detection when using the Leica DS2000. The research comprises both theoretical and experimental analyses, including the application of various GPR data collection methods on test sites. The experimental component of the research was conducted using the Leica DS2000 GPR system. The geospatial data were processed using several software applications, including uNext Advanced, IQMaps, and Geolitix. Based on the multicriteria analysis of these results and an assessment of detection accuracy, an optimal workflow (decision diagram) was defined for the detection of underground utility infrastructure using Leica DS2000 under favorable soil conditions. This study explored the feasibility of efficiently updating the cadastral database of public utility infrastructure through non-invasive technologies, thereby contributing to the improvement of subsurface utility infrastructure management.

This study investigates the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for geodetic surveys aimed at updating cadastral registers, which now function as geospatial databases. UAVs, using the aerial photogrammetric method, offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional airplane-mounted cameras. The research presents a comprehensive, step-by-step procedure for creating cadastral maps using UAV-acquired data, covering scope definition, preparatory work, flight planning, data processing, and final map production. The study includes an analysis of the resulting cadastral map and compares it with existing official maps to assess accuracy in determining parcel boundaries. The findings demonstrate that UAV-based surveys not only streamline the mapping process but also provide high levels of accuracy and reliability. This approach showcases the potential of UAV technology in modernizing cadaster systems, offering valuable insights into improving the precision and efficiency of geospatial data collection for land management and planning.

Geodetic survey is a comprehensive process for collecting both graphical and descriptive data related to real estate, primarily for the purpose of establishing cadastral records and land registration. The graphical data serve as the fundamental basis for creating various small-scale cartographic representations. Geodetic surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been conducted twice. The first comprehensive systematic survey was carried out by the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, covering the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time. The second comprehensive survey began after the end of World War II and lasted several decades, though not all of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory was surveyed during this period. The result of the geodetic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was the creation of cadastral maps that did not include representations of relief features. Cadastral plans were produced at scales of 1:6250, 1:3125, 1:1562.5, and 1:781.25. The scale of the cadastral plan depended on the built-up density of the surveyed territory. The real estate data collected during this survey are referred to in Bosnian-Herzegovinian geodetic terminology by a unique name – the “old survey”. Conversely, the geodetic surveys conducted during socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina included, among other features, representations of the territory on cadastral plans created at scales ranging from 1:5000 to 1:500. These plans incorporated a separate layer depicting terrain elevation, which allowed for the creation of topographic-cadastral plans by overlaying these elevation layers onto cadastral maps. In Bosnian geodetic terminology, the data collected during this period are referred to as the “new survey”. Cadastral plans from both the old and new surveys are collectively referred to as large-scale map representations. From these representations, a multitude of small-scale map representations can be generated. Despite the availability of these data, it's notable that throughout the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the graphical depiction of the region has been portrayed on numerous small-scale cartographic representations created across various historical periods. After the completion of the geodetic survey of the settlement of Prusac, situated within the present-day municipality of Donji Vakuf, by the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a cadastral register and land register were established. The cadastral record from the land cadastre of the old survey served as the official cadastral record for several decades. However, the destruction of this register during the hostilities of the Second World War left the area of Prusac without a cadastral register. To maintain a record of real estate ownership, an evidentiary land cadastre was instituted for the Prusac area, utilizing archival lithographic copies of cadastral plans from the old survey as graphical bases. In the 1970s, an aerial photogrammetric survey of the municipality of Donji Vakuf, including the area of the settlement of Prusac, was carried out. Utilizing this data, the cadastral register of the new survey was established. Following the establishment of the cadastral register of the new survey, the use of the cadastral register from the evidentiary cadastre of the settlement of Prusac was discontinued. Evidentiary cadastre was established partially on the basis of the data of the old survey. It has been repealed, resulting in the discontinuation of the evidentiary cadastral register's use as an official cadastral record. However, to maintain the land register, “cadastral plans” from the evidentiary land cadastre were occasionally employed. After the establishment of the cadastral register of the new survey, the cadastral plans from this survey became the official graphic base for maintaining the cadastral register. Prusac, a city with a history spanning through several centuries, held significant importance following the Ottoman Empire's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Ottoman rule, Prusac emerged as a prominent location, notably recognized for the religious and cultural event known as Ajvatovica. Various localities within Prusac and its environs hold associations with this event. The focus of this paper is to examine the depiction of the Ajvatovica locality on both analog cadastral plans from the old and new surveys. Additionally, the research delves into locating and presenting Prusac on small-scale cartographic representations dating back to the Ottoman Empire era.

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are widely employed in structural health monitoring (SHM) of large objects due to their superior capabilities compared to traditional geodetic methods. TLS provides rapid and detailed data on the geometric properties of objects, enabling various types of analyses. In this study, TLS was utilized to examine the minaret of the Bjelave Mosque, located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The inclination of the minaret was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression (LR) applied to sampled data from four edges of the minaret’s body. The geodetically determined inclination values were used as input data for subsequent static and pushover analyses conducted in DIANA FEA, where the minaret was modeled. The analyses indicate that the inclination increases stress and strain, leading to larger cracks and reduced structural capacity, as demonstrated by the pushover analysis curves. This study highlights the combined impact of structural inclination, water infiltration, and settlement on the minaret’s integrity and proposes these findings as a basis for future maintenance and strengthening measures.

Deformation analysis is a complex procedure where, based on several periodic geodetic measurements, displacements of points in the geodetic network are detected and determined. On this basis, movements and deformations of the built and natural environment are detected. The article discusses the Squared Msplit estimation, an extension of the maximum likelihood method, which is one of the procedures used in deformation analysis. The equations of the Squared Msplit estimation are derived and the method is presented on 2D geodetic network case study. The effectiveness of the presented method is compared with the results of other deformation analysis approaches performed with the same numerical example. The results obtained using the Squared Msplit estimation slightly differ from the simulated values, with the maximum discrepancy being 11.5 mm at unstable points and 10.4 mm at stable points, which are satisfactory results. The findings indicate that the Squared Msplit estimation provides results comparable to other methods. Therefore, it is considered suitable for deformation analysis and can be regarded as one of the applicable procedures in this field.

Single-beam echo sounders have gained popularity for various applications due to their compact dimensions, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. The question that often arises among the users is whether these devices can fulfill the necessary accuracy requirements. This paper concentrates on assessing the accuracy that can be achieved using a single-beam echo sounder. An accuracy assessment was performed by comparing the depths derived from the 3D model created from the single-beam echo sounder data to those obtained through more accurate and independent method (tacheometric surveying) in the test area. Accurate depth determination was achieved through trigonometric leveling, employing a specific methodology that allows for precise depth measurements up to 4.5 meters. The assessment results were compared to the vertical accuracy requirements for surveying and mapping in shallow waters, recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization. The results indicate that, with a 95% probability, the depths determined by the single-beam echo sounder meet the total vertical uncertainty (TVU) requirements specified by the S-44 standard for Order 1a survey.

The creation of cadastral plans, and then different types of maps, is the procedure by which space is coded. During the creation of cadastral plans, they are topographed and different names and auxiliary text are written on them. The geological maps were also topographed during the procedure of creating geological maps. This is necessary in order for the content of the geological map to be complete. These procedures offer the user of cadastral plans and geological maps a lot of information about the terrain presented on the cadastral plans and geological maps. The first cadastral plans and geological maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the rule of the Austro Hungarian Monarchy. These cadastral plans arose as a result of the first systematic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which took place after Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the then powerful Austro Hungarian Monarchy. The survey started in 1880. and it was successfully completed in 1884. Cadastral plans created as a result of this surveys are called plans of the old survey. They were create in scales of 1: 6250, 1: 3125, 1: 1562.5 and 1: 781.25. Unfortunately, a lot of these plans were destroyed during Second World War. In the environments in which they exist, these cadastral plans are inexhaustible historical sources for many researchers. Cadastral plans of the old survey have a special significance in the historical cartography of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The current cadastral plans are arising as a result of survey which realized after the Second World War, when Bosnia and Herzegovina were one of the federal units of the former Yugoslavia. Cadastral plans created on the basis of the results of a survey carried out in the aforementioned period are called plans of the new survey. They were created in scales of 1: 5000, 1: 2500, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500. The subject of the survey were all objects and data certained for recording in the cadastral register and land register. The survey included the madrasas that existed in Travnik: madrasa of Elči Ibrahim-paša, madrasa of Mehmed-paša Kukavica and madrasa of the Mehmed-paša Muhsinović. Madrasas on the cadastral plans of old survey is the subject of research in this paper. The madrasa of Elči Ibrahim- paša was also surveyed during the maintenance of cadastral register. The paper analyzes the depictions of the madrasas in the on the updated lithographic copies of the original cadastral plans of the old survey, which served as working originals of the cadastral plans on which the graphic part of the cadastral register was maintained.

The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave.