Geodetic survey is a comprehensive process for collecting both graphical and descriptive data related to real estate, primarily for the purpose of establishing cadastral records and land registration. The graphical data serve as the fundamental basis for creating various small-scale cartographic representations. Geodetic surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been conducted twice. The first comprehensive systematic survey was carried out by the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, covering the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time. The second comprehensive survey began after the end of World War II and lasted several decades, though not all of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory was surveyed during this period. The result of the geodetic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was the creation of cadastral maps that did not include representations of relief features. Cadastral plans were produced at scales of 1:6250, 1:3125, 1:1562.5, and 1:781.25. The scale of the cadastral plan depended on the built-up density of the surveyed territory. The real estate data collected during this survey are referred to in Bosnian-Herzegovinian geodetic terminology by a unique name – the “old survey”. Conversely, the geodetic surveys conducted during socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina included, among other features, representations of the territory on cadastral plans created at scales ranging from 1:5000 to 1:500. These plans incorporated a separate layer depicting terrain elevation, which allowed for the creation of topographic-cadastral plans by overlaying these elevation layers onto cadastral maps. In Bosnian geodetic terminology, the data collected during this period are referred to as the “new survey”. Cadastral plans from both the old and new surveys are collectively referred to as large-scale map representations. From these representations, a multitude of small-scale map representations can be generated. Despite the availability of these data, it's notable that throughout the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the graphical depiction of the region has been portrayed on numerous small-scale cartographic representations created across various historical periods. After the completion of the geodetic survey of the settlement of Prusac, situated within the present-day municipality of Donji Vakuf, by the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a cadastral register and land register were established. The cadastral record from the land cadastre of the old survey served as the official cadastral record for several decades. However, the destruction of this register during the hostilities of the Second World War left the area of Prusac without a cadastral register. To maintain a record of real estate ownership, an evidentiary land cadastre was instituted for the Prusac area, utilizing archival lithographic copies of cadastral plans from the old survey as graphical bases. In the 1970s, an aerial photogrammetric survey of the municipality of Donji Vakuf, including the area of the settlement of Prusac, was carried out. Utilizing this data, the cadastral register of the new survey was established. Following the establishment of the cadastral register of the new survey, the use of the cadastral register from the evidentiary cadastre of the settlement of Prusac was discontinued. Evidentiary cadastre was established partially on the basis of the data of the old survey. It has been repealed, resulting in the discontinuation of the evidentiary cadastral register's use as an official cadastral record. However, to maintain the land register, “cadastral plans” from the evidentiary land cadastre were occasionally employed. After the establishment of the cadastral register of the new survey, the cadastral plans from this survey became the official graphic base for maintaining the cadastral register. Prusac, a city with a history spanning through several centuries, held significant importance following the Ottoman Empire's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Ottoman rule, Prusac emerged as a prominent location, notably recognized for the religious and cultural event known as Ajvatovica. Various localities within Prusac and its environs hold associations with this event. The focus of this paper is to examine the depiction of the Ajvatovica locality on both analog cadastral plans from the old and new surveys. Additionally, the research delves into locating and presenting Prusac on small-scale cartographic representations dating back to the Ottoman Empire era.

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are widely employed in structural health monitoring (SHM) of large objects due to their superior capabilities compared to traditional geodetic methods. TLS provides rapid and detailed data on the geometric properties of objects, enabling various types of analyses. In this study, TLS was utilized to examine the minaret of the Bjelave Mosque, located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The inclination of the minaret was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression (LR) applied to sampled data from four edges of the minaret’s body. The geodetically determined inclination values were used as input data for subsequent static and pushover analyses conducted in DIANA FEA, where the minaret was modeled. The analyses indicate that the inclination increases stress and strain, leading to larger cracks and reduced structural capacity, as demonstrated by the pushover analysis curves. This study highlights the combined impact of structural inclination, water infiltration, and settlement on the minaret’s integrity and proposes these findings as a basis for future maintenance and strengthening measures.

Deformation analysis is a complex procedure where, based on several periodic geodetic measurements, displacements of points in the geodetic network are detected and determined. On this basis, movements and deformations of the built and natural environment are detected. The article discusses the Squared Msplit estimation, an extension of the maximum likelihood method, which is one of the procedures used in deformation analysis. The equations of the Squared Msplit estimation are derived and the method is presented on 2D geodetic network case study. The effectiveness of the presented method is compared with the results of other deformation analysis approaches performed with the same numerical example. The results obtained using the Squared Msplit estimation slightly differ from the simulated values, with the maximum discrepancy being 11.5 mm at unstable points and 10.4 mm at stable points, which are satisfactory results. The findings indicate that the Squared Msplit estimation provides results comparable to other methods. Therefore, it is considered suitable for deformation analysis and can be regarded as one of the applicable procedures in this field.

Single-beam echo sounders have gained popularity for various applications due to their compact dimensions, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. The question that often arises among the users is whether these devices can fulfill the necessary accuracy requirements. This paper concentrates on assessing the accuracy that can be achieved using a single-beam echo sounder. An accuracy assessment was performed by comparing the depths derived from the 3D model created from the single-beam echo sounder data to those obtained through more accurate and independent method (tacheometric surveying) in the test area. Accurate depth determination was achieved through trigonometric leveling, employing a specific methodology that allows for precise depth measurements up to 4.5 meters. The assessment results were compared to the vertical accuracy requirements for surveying and mapping in shallow waters, recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization. The results indicate that, with a 95% probability, the depths determined by the single-beam echo sounder meet the total vertical uncertainty (TVU) requirements specified by the S-44 standard for Order 1a survey.

The creation of cadastral plans, and then different types of maps, is the procedure by which space is coded. During the creation of cadastral plans, they are topographed and different names and auxiliary text are written on them. The geological maps were also topographed during the procedure of creating geological maps. This is necessary in order for the content of the geological map to be complete. These procedures offer the user of cadastral plans and geological maps a lot of information about the terrain presented on the cadastral plans and geological maps. The first cadastral plans and geological maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the rule of the Austro Hungarian Monarchy. These cadastral plans arose as a result of the first systematic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which took place after Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the then powerful Austro Hungarian Monarchy. The survey started in 1880. and it was successfully completed in 1884. Cadastral plans created as a result of this surveys are called plans of the old survey. They were create in scales of 1: 6250, 1: 3125, 1: 1562.5 and 1: 781.25. Unfortunately, a lot of these plans were destroyed during Second World War. In the environments in which they exist, these cadastral plans are inexhaustible historical sources for many researchers. Cadastral plans of the old survey have a special significance in the historical cartography of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The current cadastral plans are arising as a result of survey which realized after the Second World War, when Bosnia and Herzegovina were one of the federal units of the former Yugoslavia. Cadastral plans created on the basis of the results of a survey carried out in the aforementioned period are called plans of the new survey. They were created in scales of 1: 5000, 1: 2500, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500. The subject of the survey were all objects and data certained for recording in the cadastral register and land register. The survey included the madrasas that existed in Travnik: madrasa of Elči Ibrahim-paša, madrasa of Mehmed-paša Kukavica and madrasa of the Mehmed-paša Muhsinović. Madrasas on the cadastral plans of old survey is the subject of research in this paper. The madrasa of Elči Ibrahim- paša was also surveyed during the maintenance of cadastral register. The paper analyzes the depictions of the madrasas in the on the updated lithographic copies of the original cadastral plans of the old survey, which served as working originals of the cadastral plans on which the graphic part of the cadastral register was maintained.

The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave.

Historical cartography has an important place among historical sources. Many researchers can have the opportunity to use many cartographic sources during their research. An important source in historical cartography is maps created during the reign of the Ottoman Empire on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the existence of cartographic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina which are the results of the work of cartographers of the world should also be emphasized. Large-scale representations found in the form of cadastral plans of various scales are of particular importance in research. However, small-scale cartographic representations also offer great help to researchers. The first large-scale representations of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. This short period of rule on the soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in the surveying and representing of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on cadastral plans at the scale 1:6250, 1:3125, 1:1562.5 and 1:781.25. On the basis of these large-scale representations, many small-scale representations of different topics, purposes and scales were created. Small-scale representations were made in different scales, which also dictated the detail of the representation. The maps, i.e. small-scale graphic representations, were produced at the scales of 1:12500, 1:25000, 1:75000, and 1:150000. With the end of the First World War, a new period of cartography of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was born. During this time, topographical maps were made at the scales of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, and smaller scales. Of course, the authors of the maps monitored the situation on the ground and tried to ensure that all the details that could be shown were shown on them in terms of content and according to the possibility of the display. After the end of the Second World War, a completely new period was started in the production of graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A special place is occupied by large-scale representations views - cadastral plans that were prepared at the scales of 1:5000, 1:2500, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500. On the basis of cadastral plans, small-scale graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - maps were created. The map scales were 1:2500, 1:50000 and smaller. Maps with different purposes and themes were created. Topographic maps have a special significance. The completeness of the presentation is an important determinant of all the previously mentioned presentations. The completeness of the cartographic display is reflected in the display of all significant objects, depending on the scale of the display. The area of Bosnia and Herzegovina has many sights. Most of these sights have been measured and shown on large-scale geodetic bases - cadastral plans as well as small-scale geodetic bases - maps. Graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina were created by many cartographers. Taking this as important data, Bosnia and Herzegovina or its individual parts are shown on maps of different scales related to different authors. This is precisely what results in graphic representations on which different signs, display methods, letters, and languages are represented. Cartographic representations in Bosnia and Herzegovina were created in different time periods. The depictions of Bosnia and Herzegovina go back several centuries. Cartographic representations show details that are interesting to many researchers. At the time of the creation of cartographic representations, it was not even imagined how important the representations would be for research in today's time. Historical cartography through cartographic representations offers a lot of information about many objects on the soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The depictions of the Travnik's old towns Toričan and Vrbenac, are especially important for the research. In the paper, the depictions of the aforementioned remnants of Travnik's old towns were investigated. They were shown on many cartographic sources of different purposes and different scales, which were made by different authors in different time periods. The paper analyzes the depiction of old cities in historical cartographic sources from the 17th to the 20th centuries.

Trends showing increase in the number of mobile device users, as well as the number of tourists, imply that more people rely on their smartphones when navigating in a new environment. Based on these facts, the idea for this experimental research appeared. That idea is applying the process of machine learning, more precisely, the implementation of a neural network, to investigate the possibility of improving the accuracy of smartphone navigation. The achieved results indicate that machine learning algorithms (neural networks) are a powerful tool that can also be applied to GNSS data collected by a smartphone device, in order to improve accuracy. Based on the collected data in the field, preprocessing and machine learning process, it is concluded that it is possible to improve the accuracy of mobile device navigation by up to 50%.