In this research, a physicochemical analysis of the industrial wastewater from a factory that produces maleic anhydride was performed. Based on the conducted analysis (pH, electrical conductivity, density of the liquid phase, boiling point of the waste suspension, chemical as well as biological oxygen demand, and dry matter), it can be concluded that the waste stream obtained at the outlet pipe from the plant resulting from the production of maleic anhydride requires appropriate treatments. Some of the parameters measured, e.g. pH (0.97±0.06), boiling point (106.8±1.3°C) and acidity, indicate the presence of organic acids such as fumaric and maleic acids, which are formed during the production of maleic anhydride. The possibility of extracting crystals by adding urea and thiourea followed by forced cooling in a heat exchanger was investigated. The most effective method was the addition of thiourea when the most significant amount of crystals was obtained, namely 17.29 wt%. The addition of thiourea in combination with forced cooling greatly facilitates the process of separating the solid and liquid phases of the waste suspension, which could later be adequately treated by physical, chemical or biological methods.

Sexual crimes against women have always been a part of war and have occurred in virtually every armed conflict throughout human history. For a very long time, and still today in some cultures, women were not seen as equal to men. Thus, gender based crimes against women were almost invisible to international criminal law. While these crimes were largely ignored after World War I and II, things have recently started changing for the better. This change started in the 1990’s with the establishment of the ICTY and ICTR, as the first international criminal tribunals which had a mission to also punish crimes against women. These tribunals were the first ones that explicitly included rape as a crime against humanity in their statutes and their jurisprudence is of crucial importance for the prosecution of gender based crimes against women. The ICTR in Akayesu provided the first definition of rape in international criminal law and set the precedent that rape could constitute genocide. The ICTY in Kunarac expanded the definition of rape and also became the first international criminal tribunal to convict a perpetrator for enslavement for sexual reasons (sexual slavery). The ICC further continued the work of the ad hoc tribunals and expanded the list of gender based crimes against women by including in its statute several crimes that had never before been explicitly criminalized. Similarly, the SCSL became the first international criminal tribunal to explicitly recognize forced marriage as a crime against humanity. This thesis aims to widen the knowledge of this issue and provide an overview and analysis of the treatment of gender based crimes against women in international criminal law.