The scarcity of high-quality wood encouraged the development of various technological processes for joining wood. The finger joint is one of the most widespread technological processes for wood joining. This study aimed to determine the effect of steaming and heat modification of beech wood, as well as the type of adhesive, on the mechanical characteristics of finger joints. Samples made from un-modified beech, steamed-treated, and heat-treated beech wood were bonded with polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), non-structural, and structural polyurethane (PUR) adhesives. Compressive tests on wood materials were used to evaluate their mechanical performance. The finger joint samples were tested for their bending performance. Modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength were calculated. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the impact of wood modification type and adhesive used on the mechanical characteristics of the finger joints. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the steaming process does not influence changes in the mechanical characteristics of the finger joints. Heat treatment of beech and the type of adhesive used significantly influence the tested mechanical characteristics of the finger joints and beech wood. Heat-treated beech had lower values of modulus of rupture (70 MPa) and density (690 kg/m3) and higher values of compression strength (59 MPa) in relation to un-modified (780 kg/m3) and steamed-treated (800 kg/m3) beech wood.

This paper explores the possibility of using recycled seashells from marine coasts of the Mali Ston Bay in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia, to create a novel bio material derived from waste seashells. In this research, two types of waste seashells, mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and oyster (Ostrea edulis), combined with natural, non-toxic binders (bone glue) were investigated experimentally. The goal is to develop a sustainable material, suitable for the production of furniture and decorative objects. The parameters studied, included physical and mechanical properties of this material. The results showed that this bio composite material, derived from recycled seashells, is hygroscopic and has low compression strength. It should be used for making furniture components that don't bear heavy loads and it is suitable only for interior applications. This study presents an eco-friendly and sustainable material option, while optimizing the recycling of food waste materials.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are increasingly popular in the production of furniture and wood products, because they combine high processing quality with short production time. The effective use of CNC machines depends on the processing parameters, which also affects the quality of the processed surface. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feed rate, cutting direction, and grain direction on the surface roughness of various types of wood. Three European wood species (oak, beech, fir) were cut with a spindle speed of 16,000 rpm and two different feed rates (5,000 and 10,000 mm/min) using end mill tools on the CNC machine. The milling was performed in two cutting directions (radial and tangential) and two grain orientations (0° and 90°). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the impact of the cutting parameters. The surface roughness measurements were taken, and two surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz) were measured to determine the surface quality of the wood. According to the results of this study, the lowest surface roughness values, milling with the same processing parameters, occurred for oak wood, while the highest values occurred for fir.

This paper investigated the bending moment of chair base joints. The ultimate bending moments (maximum moment), calculated on the base of the measured maximum applied loads (maximum force), were compared for the front leg and rear leg joints of a chair base. The joints had different angles between the stretcher and the leg (joint angle) as well different tenon lengths (30 mm and 32 mm). The results of the tests indicated that for different test specimen configurations but the same tenon-and-mortise geometry, the maximum force of joints with a smaller value of joint angle (front leg joints) was higher than the force values of joints with a larger angle (rear leg joints) for all tenon lengths. However, the results showed less difference among the calculated bending moments of the analysed sets of joints. A significant difference was not revealed between the bending moments of joints with a smaller value of joint angle and the bending moments of joints with a larger angle for all tenon lengths. A significant difference between the bending moments for the tenon length of 30 mm and tenon length of 32 mm was determined for rear leg joints but not for front leg joints. The presented approach of joint strength analysis through the testing of specimens with different shapes and dimensions are applicable to research and practice.

ABSTRACT In this study, 3D-printed connectors to replace the typical L-shaped joints in the construction of a chair were developed, tested and numerically analysed. Different connectors were designed and manufactured with a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with the aim to find a simple shaped connector which could be used to build chairs and withstand standard chair loading requirements. The strength and stiffness of the joints were tested and compared with traditional beech mortise-and-tenon joints. Numerical stress and strain analyses were performed with the finite element method for an orthotropic linear-elastic model. The experimental results showed that joints with 3D-printed connectors achieved lower strength than the traditional wooden mortise-and-tenon joints with similar dimensions. The results indicate that the effect of reinforcement of the connector were not recognised due to the small thickness and inadequate geometric position and arrangement of the reinforcement ABS material. The chair assembled with 3D-printed connectors could withstand the loads for seating, but failed the backrest test according to standard EN 1728:2002. The connectors need to be optimised and reinforced to withstand standard loads.

This paper investigated the effect of the tenon length on the strength and stiffness of the standard mortise and tenon joints, as well of the double mortise and tenon joints, that were bonded by poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and polyurethane (PU) glues. The strength was analyzed by measuring applied load and by calculating ultimate bending moment and bending moment at the proportional limit. Stiffness was evaluated by measuring displacement and by calculating the ratio of applied force and displacement along the force line. The results were compared with the data obtained by the simplified static expressions and numerical calculation of the orthotropic linear-elastic model. The results indicated that increasing tenon length increased the maximal moment and proportional moment of the both investigated joints types. The analytically calculated moments were increased more than the experimental values for both joint types, and they had generally lower values than the proportional moments for the standard tenon joints, as opposed to the double tenon joints. The Von Mises stress distribution showed characteristic zones of the maximum and increased stress values. These likewise were monitored in analytical calculations. The procedures could be successfully used to achieve approximate data of properties of loaded joints.

In this paper, the stress and strain analysis of common laminated wood seat shell is performed. Experimental stiffness evaluation is conducted by measuring displacement of the point on the backrest, and experimental stress analysis is carried out by tensometric measuring at the critical transition area from the seat to the backrest. Finite element analysis is carried out layer by layer with a “2D linear elastic model” for orthotropic materials. Good matching is found between numerical and experimental results of displacement. It is also shown that the results of the principal stress in the measurement points of the seat shell compare favourably with experimental data. The applied in-plane stress analysis of each individual veneer is not applicable for interlaminar stress calculations that are a significant factor in curved forms of laminated wood. Curved forms of laminated wood products require more complex numerical analysis, but the method can be used to achieve approximate data in early phase of product design.