Objective : There is a growing awareness of the developmental importance of distinguishing complex from simplex febrile seizures (FS) in early childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between risk factors and clinical characteristics of simple and complex febrile seizures. Methods : We assessed risk factors and clinical features of febrile seizures in all children who were admitted to the Pediatric Clinic with the diagnosis of FS from January 2010 to January 2012. Two hundred and ten children having a history of FS were evaluated for age at onset of FS, age of repeated FS, total number of FS in the past, family history of FS and epilepsy. The febrile seizures were classified as simple and complex. Results : Compared with children with simple FS, complex FS were associated with more seizures in the past (OR=2.20, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.70, p=0.003). Furthermore, family history of FS increased the odds of repeated seizures within 24h (adjusted OR=2.98, 95% CI: 1.14, 7.79, p=0.026). Similarly, family history of epilepsy increased the odds of repeated FS within 24h (adjusted OR=6.20, 95% CI: 1.01, 39.4, p=0.049). Conclusion : Our study showed that higher number of FS in the past might be associated with complex FS. Our findings also show that early detection of repeated seizures within 24h in children with family history of FS and epilepsy might be a gateway to improve early diagnosis of epilepsy. However, larger prospective study with parent’s involvement in FS detection are needed. Keywords : febrile seizures, classification, prognosis, epilepsy, children

Introduction: Therapeutic ultrasound is a physical modality which is constantly expanding range of indications. Analgesic effect of ultrasound is still under discussion. Regardless the extensive application of pulsed ultrasound of low intensity, continuous ultrasound has a better analgesis effect, which is explained by its mechanism of action. Aims: The main research objective of this study was to determine the effect of continuous ultrasound to pain caused by degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the intensity and duration of ultrasound treatment. Other objectives are entailed determining the correlation between the degree of pain reduction with: location of pain, age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Material and methods: The study included 68 patients with chronic pain localized in the region of the spine or major joints of the extremities, depending on the localization of the degenerative changes. Patients are divided into two groups. The first group was treated with 10 applications of continuous ultrasound with frequency of 1 MHz, intensity 0.4 W/cm2 for 8 minutes, and the other group with 10 applications of ultrasound with frequency of 1 MHz, intensity 0.8 W/cm 2 for 4 minutes. Results and Discussion: Pain intensity was assessed before and after ultrasound therapy performed by subjective visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, numbered from 0-10, where 0 is the rating for the state of no pain, and 10 grades for severe pain. The average VAS improvement in the first group was 3.97, and 4.74 in second one. The results of F (1.66) = 2.93, p = 0.09 analysis of variance showed no significance difference between the average improvement of two groups. Correlation between the degree of pain reduction showed significance only with BMI, or that higher BMI is associated with a lower degree of pain reduction. The results of this study showed that application of continuous ultrasound in patients with chronic pain, caused by degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system, led to a significant reduction in pain. Different intensity and duration of ultrasound application showed no significant effect on the degree of pain reduction. Body mass index showed significant negative correlation with the degree of pain reduction, but age, gender and location of pain did not show significant correlation.

UNLABELLED Prevalence of chronic pain which develops after spinal cord injury (SCI) varies, but in average is 65%. There are many questionnaires and scales for characterisation and classification of chronic SCI pain. One of them is LANSS (Leeds Assesment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs) scale for differentiation of neuropathic pain. Aims of this study were: (1) To assess prevalence of chronic pain in the sample of patients with SCl; (2) To classify the pain; (3) To analyse its correlations with demographic and neurological features as well as with activities of daily life (ADL); (4) To evaluate pain treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective, randomized, observational study based on personal interview, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain intensity evaluation, graded from 0 to 10, and on LANSS scale included 100 patients. RESULTS 50% of patients reported existence of chronic pain. In 80% of them pain was below the level of SCI and in 20% of them pain was at the level of SCI. 92% of patients with chronic pain fulfilled LANNS score for neuropathic pain. VAS showed higher intensity of pain among men (average 7.4) than in women (average 6.6). There were positive correlations: between VAS and LANSS scale (p = 0.002), between VAS and age (p = 0.040) and between VAS and level of injury (Pearson rho = 0.329; p = 0.020). 60% of patients declared pain interference with ADL. 24% of patients did not treat pain at all, 16% treated pain with physical procedures and 60% treated pain pharmacologically. CONCLUSIONS RESULTS of this study confirmed high prevalence of chronic pain among patients with SCI, and its features indicated neuropathic type of pain. Pain intensity had positive correlation with gender, age, level of SCI and ADL. RESULTS showed that pharmacological treatment of this pain is much more in use than non-pharmacological one.

Kinesitherapy (KT) is field of rehabilitation that uses the movement in order to cure patient. Knowledge about movement, condition and method of act of movement determine the final effect of this kind of treatment. Nevertheless, the role of patient is active and the positive effect can be achieved only if patient understand his role in process of therapy. The role of patient is frequently forgotten and the results of this research are valuable in assessment of patients' role in treatment.

Periarticular ossifications in paraplegics most frequently occur around the hip. Typically, the newly formed bone limits foremost flexion. The ossification takes place in the connective tissues of the muscle; its etiology and pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. In general, neither the joint nor its capsule are involved in the process of ossification. The incidence of HO in paraplegics is said to 18% of clinically relevant ossifications. There is a general consensus that surgery should only be performed after maturation of the ossification. The determination of alkaline phosphatase and a bone scan are used for assessment of osteogenic activity.