Lung cancer incidence in Bosnia and Hercegovina is high. The implementation of evidence-based lung cancer screening based on low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) may detect lung cancer early and decrease mortality specific to lung cancer. However, LDCT receipt may be unsatisfactory in Europe due to a low distribution of scanners and radiologists or poor access to care. In this paper, we propose a framework for the implementation of lung cancer screening in primary healthcare of Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommendation from 2021 and the American College of Radiology Lung CT Screening Reporting & Data System from 2022.

Abstract Racism has implicit and explicit manifestations that perpetuate disparities and negatively influence patient-centered health outcomes. Subsequently, a list of action items was provided to assist medical schools in becoming anti-racist institutions. A deep subject matter knowledge, beliefs, and reflections were a driving force for the management of medical schools or faculty members involved in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education to move forward toward inclusion of anti-racism in traditional medical curriculum or adapting existing training modules on diversity, equity, and inclusion. This paper proposes twelve practical and specific tips for implementing and teaching anti-racism in medical education. These twelve tips elaborate on the proposed actions for leaders in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, valuable for designing future curricula and educational activities.

PURPOSE We undertook a study to evaluate the current state of pedagogy on antiracism, including barriers to implementation and strengths of existing curricula, in undergraduate medical education (UME) and graduate medical education (GME) programs in US academic health centers. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with an exploratory qualitative approach using semistructured interviews. Participants were leaders of UME and GME programs at 5 institutions participating in the Academic Units for Primary Care Training and Enhancement program and 6 affiliated sites from November 2021 to April 2022. RESULTS A total of 29 program leaders from the 11 academic health centers participated in this study. Three participants from 2 institutions reported the implementation of robust, intentional, and longitudinal antiracism curricula. Nine participants from 7 institutions described race and antiracism-related topics integrated into health equity curricula. Only 9 participants reported having "adequately trained" faculty. Participants mentioned individual, systemic, and structural barriers to implementing antiracism-related training in medical education such as institutional inertia and insufficient resources. Fear related to introducing an antiracism curriculum and undervaluing of this curriculum relative to other content were identified. Through learners and faculty feedback, antiracism content was evaluated and included in UME and GME curricula. Most participants identified learners as a stronger voice for transformation than faculty; antiracism content was mainly included in health equity curricula. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of antiracism in medical education requires intentional training, focused institutional policies, enhanced foundational awareness of the impact of racism on patients and communities, and changes at the level of institutions and accreditation bodies.

Objective. The aim of this study was to carry out the cultural adaptation and validation of the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care questionnaire (ACIC) in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. A validation study was conducted in two randomly selected primary health care centers in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during March and April 2016. The study participants were all physicians working in family medicine departments during the study. Translation of the ACIC questionnaire version 3.5 was performed following the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested with face validity, construct validity, and internal consistency. Results. The questionnaire was distributed to 66 family physicians. Missing values were negligible, therefore the criteria for factor analysis were met. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the questionnaire measured one factor. The Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.970) showed the excellent level of internal consistency of the questionnaire. The intraclass correlation coefficient (0.802) confirmed the good reliability of the questionnaire. Conclusion. The ACIC questionnaire can be used to assess the quality of chronic care in family medicine practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Further research is needed to explore how changes in healthcare care delivery impact changes in the Chronic Care Model domain.

Introduction. A specific characteristic of the elderly is brittleness or fragility, and due to its prevalence, fragility needs to be understood as a public health priority. The aim of the study was to examine the association of functional and anthropometric parameters with fragility in persons over 65 years of age. Method. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and included 446 elderly people. As research instruments, a general questionnaire was used to assess the functional status of the Tinetti test and, of anthropometric parameters, the circumference of the upper arm and the circumference of the middle part of the lower leg. We used the ch2 test and Pearson's correlation analysis as statistical tests. Results. Females had poorer functional status, walking, and balance compared to males (ch2 = 4.125; p <0.127). It was observed males subjects had higher values of upper arm circumference (26.96 ± 3.44) compared to females, while females had higher values of the middle circumference of the lower leg (32.66 ± 6.29). Analyzing the correlation of anthropometric measurements with the total score of the Tinetti test and in relation to subjects' gender, it was noticed there is a correlation analysis between the parameters. Conclusion. A high percentage of people over the age of 65 have poor functional status, as well as lower values of anthropometric markers, suggesting that they may be potential risk factors for the fragility in the elderly.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to determine the ability of ferritin, haemoglobin, albumin and total cholesterol to identify nutritional risk and malnutrition among elderly primary care patients. Methods The cross-sectional study included 446 elderly adults over 65 years of age from four areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to anthropometric, functional, cognitive and biochemical indicators, nutritional status was evaluated using 24-hour recall of meals, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition, Version II (SCREEN II). Results Malnourished/at-risk study respondents had lower mean levels of haemoglobin (P=0.001) and total cholesterol (P<0.001), compared to those with normal nutritional status. Albumin levels significantly differed regarding nutritional status (P=0.004), but not nutritional risk level (P=0.521). Significant differences in serum ferritin levels were not found between malnourished and normally nourished study respondents (P=0.779) Determinants of albumin level were eating more than three meals a day (P<0.001), fewer than two portions of fruit and vegetables a day (P=0.024), drinking one glass of wine (P<0.001) and reporting functional independence (P=0.011). The AUC curves for serum ferritin, albumin and total cholesterol levels in men and women, as well as for haemoglobin levels in women, were poor to fair (AUC<0.800). Conclusion Although ferritin, haemoglobin, albumin and total cholesterol may be useful biomarkers of nutritional status, their accuracy in diagnosing malnutrition and nutritional risk among elderly primary health care patients is limited.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the current study is to compare Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition, version II (SCREEN II) and Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form (MNA-SF), where each is used to identify nutritional risk prevalence among community-dwelling people aged 65 years and above in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Design: A cross-sectional study. Nutritional risk assessed using the nutritionist’s risk rating, anthropometric measurements, functional indicators, cognitive parameters, SCREEN II and MNA-SF. Setting: The municipalities of Foca, East Sarajevo and Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Participants: Eight hundred twenty-one community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years. Results: The prevalence of high nutritional risk per nutritionist’s risk rating, SCREEN II and MNA-SF was 26, 60, and 7 %, respectively. With the nutritionist’s rating score ≥5 as the criterion, the MNA-SF cut-off point of ≤11 (indicating any possible risk) had poor sensitivity (55·7 %), specificity (46·6 %) and AUC (0·563; P = 0·024). When the criterion of >7 was applied, good sensitivity (95·3 %) and specificity (88·9 %) were obtained for the MNA-SF cut-off score of ≤7. AUC for this comparison was 0·742 (considered fair). Cut-off points of <54 (AUC = 0·816) and <50 (AUC = 0·881) for SCREEN II (indicating moderate to high risk) corresponded with good sensitivity (82·2 %; 80·9 %) and fair specificity (72·1 %; 75·0 %). Conclusion: MNA-SF may have a limited role in nutritional risk screening among community-dwelling seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. SCREEN II has promising results in regard to validity, but further studies are warranted.

Aim To examine the prevalence of undiagnosed depression among primary care elderly patients in the entity of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) as well as the sociodemographic and clinical risk factors associated with depression. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2019 in nine towns of the Republic of Srpska. The study sample included 1,198 primary care patients older than 65 years of age. Research instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire and Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Form (GDS-SF). Results Positive screening test (GDS-SF score > 5), which indicates depression was found in 484 (40.4%) participants. Multivariate regression analysis showed that lower education levels [OR = 1.565, 95% CI (1.13-2.17)], divorced and widowed [OR = 1.366, 95% CI (1.16-1.62)], poor financial situation [OR = 1.690 , 95% CI (1.25-2.29)], non-home residents [OR = 2.200, 95% CI (1.41- 3.44)], non-hobby patients [OR = 2.115, 95% CI (1.54-2.91) ], non-friends [OR = 3.881, 95% CI (2.70-5.57)], patients suffering from chronic pain [OR = 2.414, 95% CI (1.72-3.39)], patients with daily life limitation activities [OR = 1.415, 95% CI (1.03-1.95)], patients with three or more chronic diseases [OR = 1.593, 95% CI (1.12-2.27)], patients using five or more drugs [OR = 1.425. 95% CI (1.00-2.03)], and patients with history of previous depression [OR = 2.858, 95% CI (1.94-4.21)] were at higher risk for depression. Conclusion The prevalence of undiagnosed depression in the elderly in Republic of Srpska is high. Future strategies are needed to strengthen screening of geriatric depression in primary health care.

Introduction: Cognitive abilities are defined as the awareness of immediate discovering, rediscovering, and recognizing information in various forms, understanding, and comprehension. Objective: To examine the cognitive impairment rate and its effect on the functional status of elderly persons, retirement home beneficiaries. Method: The research has been designed as a cross-sectional study, including 110 elderly persons. Research instruments comprised a general questionnaire, Katz index of independence in activity of daily living, Lawton instrumental activities of everyday life, and Mini-mental state examination. The statistical test used was the ch2 test, while Pearson's correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis. Results: Out of the total number of subjects, 60% had an impaired cognitive status. When it comes to functional status, assistance was necessary for 79.2% of the subjects. Statistically significant weak positive correlation existed between the subjects' cognitive status and their functional abilities (r = 0.331; p<0.001; r = 0.386; p<0.001). Conclusion: The cognitive deficit rate was high in the retirement home subjects. Cognitive deficit brings about a significant decline intellectual functioning and undermines the subjects' daily living activities.