Concurrent engineering methodology includes the product development model and the production process development models. These models use concurrent engineering as their overriding philosophy, strengthened by the use of a systematic design process. It will be given an overview of all the phases, steps, and team members of process design model. This model consists of three different models: the manufacturing process development model, the test method development model, and the packaging development model. It will be discussed especialy all phases and their steps for packaging development model in graphic industry. This model has five development phases: project planning, conceptual design, design, production preparation, and production/service. Between each of these five development phases, there is a management milestone, which is an approval point for the management team to assess the progress of the project. Each of the phases are broken into steps. Each phase of the model and each step within these phases will be discussed. The process development model starts with a kick-off meeting in conjunction with the product development model. This meeting is used to develop a broad overview of the development methodology and the expectations of the product. Next, the teams begin their own tasks, but communicate their progress regularly. The crossfiinctional process development team's tasks will be discussed. Finally, production/service, the last phase of both the product and the process development models will be discussed. This is the phase in which the product is manufactured, tested, packaged, and distributed to customers. Within this phase's purview is the support of the product through field service and/or customer support organizations.

The design for the environment (DfE) tools are used to include the environmental objectives into all of the company’s processes, and their suppliers and customers if possible. This paper investigates the benefits of applying DFE tools in the graphic arts industry, specifically the book production process. A present book production process in a print shop was redesigned taking into account the quality, cost and the environmental impact. The results suggest that with the proper use of the DFE tools, significant improvements can be made in all of the abovementioned aspects of the book production process, and other print production processes as the technology is generally similar.

The users of the modern prostheses, such as the so-called “intelligent” prostheses or computercontrolled prostheses, still can not climb stairs as nonamputees do. Rising from a chair is also very difficult activity for a transfemoral amputee. The underlying reason for this unresolved problem of stair climbing with an AK prosthesis lies in the need to introduce an external source of energy, which would provide the user with the energy required to lift the body when climbing stairs. To solve this problem, a small linear actuator was installed in an existing Endolite above-knee prosthesis. Connected to an external hydraulic power system, the new prosthesis allows its user to climb stairs. This paper deals with the kinematics of such a modified prosthesis.

The most modern generation of controlled AK prostheses is considered as important step forward in technology of manufacture of AK prostheses, since they offer the highest proximity to human walk. However, so far the problem of climbing the stairs by transfemoral amputee has not been resolved. The reason for unresolved problem of upstairs movement of persons with AK prosthesis lies in a need to introduce an external source of energy, which would provide the user with energy required for lifting a body when climbing the stairs. The kinematic analysis of movement of the AK prosthesis with a build-in hydraulic cylinder connected to an external source of power is intended to prove that there is a real possibility for a person with an AK prosthesis to climb stairs. An analysis was carried out of the prosthesis movement in a sagital plane for the period of climbing from the first contact of the artificial foot with the step of a stair until the moment of its separation. Trajectories of characteristic points on the prosthesis were recorded for the examinee climbing three staircases with different gradients: shallow SH (25o), moderate M (30o) and steep ST (36o). The reaction force on stair during the movement of an AK prosthesis is analyzed. For more detailed analysis of climbing of a transfemoral amputee, an analysis of reaction force of stair for healthy persons has been carried out. The ELITE system with two CCD cameras and a Kistler platform for measuring the force on the surface were used during measurements.

The loss of a leg through amputation is followed by the loss of the corresponding supporting structures, joints, ligaments and nervous-muscular system, which provide energy and leg control. The most modern generation of AK prostheses is considered to be an important step forward in the technology of the manufacture of AK prostheses, since they offer the closest proximity to natural human walking. However, the problem of climbing stairs for the transfemoral amputee has not yet been resolved. The reason lies in the need to introduce an external source of power, which would provide the user with the energy required to lift the body when climbing stairs. The kinematics analysis of movement of the AK prosthesis with a buil-int hydraulic cylinder connected to an external source of power is intended to prove that there is a real possibility for a person with an AK prosthesis to climb stairs. An analysis was carried out of the prosthesis movement in a sagital plane for the period of climbing from the first contact of the artificial foot with the step of a stair until the moment of its separation. Trajectories of characteristic points on the prosthesis were recorded for the examinee climbing three staircases with different gradients: shallow SH (25o ; ), moderate M (30o ; ) and steep ST (36o ; ). An ELITE system with two CCD cameras was used for the tests. Keywords: kinematic analysis, above-knee prosthesis, hydraulic cylinder.