Aim: To compare temperatures of the crestal bone during implant site preparation for different osteotomy lengths and implant systems. Methods: Bovine ribs were used to simulate the cortical bone of the human mandible. Three different implant systems were tested: Astra Tech, Ankylos, and XiVE. Six drills per system were performed, meaning each drilling set was used for 2 drills per 3 osteotomy lengths (8, 12, and 16 mm). Drilling force, drilling speed, drilling length, and temperature were recorded. Results: Differences in the maximum temperature of the crestal bone during the first drilling for various osteotomy lengths (P = 0.021) and all implant systems (P = 0.013) were observed. A similar result was showed during the second drilling; osteotomy lengths (P = 0.014) and drilling systems (P = 0.003). Second drillings showed lower temperatures of the crestal bone with statistical differences on all measurements (P < 0.001). Astra Tech and Ankylos implant systems showed similar performance; XiVE had lower temperature and higher temperature differences between osteotomy lengths. Conclusions: Different drilling lengths contributed to the variation in temperature regardless of the implant system. Longer drills and osteotomies induced higher temperatures on the crestal bone. The maximum temperature difference between the shortest and the longest osteotomy was under 1°C. Temperature above 47°C that could cause bone necrosis was not recorded at any time. The XiVE system showed the best performance.

Introduction: Anti GAD (antibodies on glutamic acid decarboxylase) and anti-IA2 antibodies (against tyrosine phosphatase), today, have their place and importance in diagnosis and prognosis of Type 1 diabetes. Huge number of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 have these antibodies. Insulin antibodies are of critical importance in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 for pediatric population. Materials and methods: During 2014, the samples of 80 patients from Clinical Center University Sarajevo (CCUS) Pediatrics clinic’s, Endocrinology department were analyzed on anti-GAD and IA2 antibodies. The samples of serums of all patients were analyzed with ELISA tests using Anti GAD ELISA (IgG) kites from EUROIMMUN company. These are quantitative in vitro tests for human antibodies against decarboxylase of glutamine acid (GAD) and IA2, in serum or EDTA plasm. Results: During the period of one year, in CCUS’s Organizational unit, Institute for Clinical Immunology, 80 samples of patients with anti GAD and IA2 antibodies were analyzed. Out of total number of samples, 41 were male patients, or 51% and 39 female, or 49%. The youngest patient was born in 2012, and the oldest in 1993. Age average was represented by the patients born in 2001. Share of positive results for IA2 antibodies and GAD antibodies was 37% for IA2 antibodies, and 63% for GAD antibodies. Discussion: During an autoimmune – mediated Diabetes mellitus type 1 leads to T-cell mediated destruction of beta cells of pancreatic islets, reduced production of insulin and glucose metabolism. Studies have shown that these bodies are the most intense single marker for identifying persons with increased risk for diabetes development.

In today’s modern society innovating in every organization be- comes a key of its competitive advantage and survival in the highly competitive market. This rule, sooner or later will have to be accepted by our primary sector health care organizations. All institutions must strive that by constant innovating, using in the best manner possible the limited and available resources, to, in the long term, ensure continuing business and better future. The scope of innovating activities must be all segments of the health care organizations. All employees must be involved in innovating process, and not only the research and development departments (R&D). The health care institutions, which constantly innovate, enjoy the permanent advantage in the competition with their competitors. They are able to produce products and services that are cheaper and of better quality. The innovation type, which the particular health care institution chooses, represents, in its essence, the nature of the innovation. It also includes the influence of change on the value chain participants, competence and firms’ inclination in tedious fields of innovation and innovative management. The modern markets require from the health care organizations to be more dynamic, and the environmental changes demand comprehensive innovative orientations. The people who kick start innovations in health care field are in principle leaders. The leadership variables become very important having in mind that almost all organizations, to a certain extent are built based on the hierarchical structure. As the result of this fact, the decision making centers tend to be concentrated in the hands of the leading individuals. The science has found the relationship between leaders’ motivations and the frequencies of the innovations. The health care in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (F.B&H), and its entry and Primary care sector are faced with the serious challenges. Thus, innovating in this sensitive service field becomes the imperative for society. Innovating and at the same time, managing these processes is necessary for more reasons. Financial resources allocated for health care in B&H are limited, and are expect- ed to remain so in the future. The second part of the challenges the health care sector is facing is represented in the aging of the population. The people live longer, and as the consequence, for the health maintenance of population over 65, more and more re- sources are spent. By innovating, best practice checking and waste reducing the immense savings can be achieved in the health care. These actions, as well as the quality applications of best practices will enable that health care outlays, (which exceed ten percent of gross domestic product (GDP) for B&H for 2011), shall, either remain stable or decline.

Abstract Background. Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of gastric cancer. The disease progression is influenced by the host inflammatory responses, and cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may have a role in the course of the disease. The aim of our study was to investigate proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms, previously associated with the development of gastric cancer, in a Slovenian population. Patients and methods. In total 318 patients and controls were selected for the study and divided into three groups: (i) patients with gastric cancer (n = 58), (ii) patients with chronic gastritis (n = 60) and (iii) healthy control group (n = 200). H. pylori infection in patient groups was determined by serology, histology and culture. Four proinflammatory gene polymorphisms were determined (IL-1β, IL-1rα, TNF-α, TLR-4) in all subjects. Results. We found a statistically significant difference between males and females for the groups (p = 0.025). Odds ratio (OR) for gastric cancer risk for females was 0.557 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.233―1.329) and for chronic gastritis 2.073 (95% CI: 1.005―4.277). IL-1B-511*T/T homozygous allele for cancer group had OR = 2.349 (95% CI: 0.583―9.462), heterozygous IL-1B-511*T had OR = 1.470 (95% CI: 0.583―3.709) and heterozygotes in TNF-A-308 genotype for chronic gastritis had OR = 1.402 (95% CI: 0.626―3.139). Other alleles had OR less than 1. Conclusions. We could not prove association between gastric cancer and chronic gastritis due to H. pylori in any cytokine SNPs studied in Slovenian population. Other SNPs might be responsible besides infection with H. pylori for the progression from atrophy to neoplastic transformation.

Abstract Background. Major trauma and soft tissue injuries result in a substantial activation of systemic immune response and post-traumatic complications such as postoperative infections. The aim was to assess the dynamics of expressed inflammatory biomarkers after surgery and to detect possible postoperative infection. Methods. A total of 229 patients were included and separated into three different groups, depending on the procedure they underwent (colorectal, maxillofacial, open heart surgery). Biomarkers CD64 on neutrophils, C-reactive protein (CRP), count of leucocytes and neutrophils were measured to detect postoperative infection. Results. The values of all biomarkers after surgery were generally elevated and had then dropped 48 h after the procedure. The levels were dependent on the type of operation and showed higher levels after more serious procedures. In the patients with postoperative infections the values were considerably higher. Moreover, biomarkers’ cut-off values for positive infection were higher from patients who underwent surgery, compared to the cut-off values from patients with no surgical procedure. CD64 index was the only biomarker that could predict postoperative infection (p < 0.001). Other biomarkers could not statistically predict the infection. Conclusions. Newly acquired postoperative infection is difficult to diagnose using just biomarkers due to the strong activation of immune response. CD64 index with its slightly higher cut-off (> 1.27) is the only biomarker that could be used as a diagnostic tool to rapidly detect postoperative bacterial infection.

C3Hf/HZgr mice were transplanted with SCCVII carcinoma cells and treated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The treatment slows down the growth of transplanted tumor. Furthermore, by using specific monoclonal antibodies, the frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes were determined in the spleen of tumorous mice at particular times following tumor transplantation and/or NDV application. The incidence of lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ decreased and of CD4+CD25+ increased in the spleen of mice during the time following tumor transplantation. However, the frequency of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes in the spleen is very low, while CD4+ and CD8+ increased to normal level following intraperitoneal (i.p.) NDV injection in tumor-bearing mice. Thus, besides directly destroying transplanted tumor, NDV seems to be involved against growing tumor by reducing the frequency of regulatory T lymphocytes maintaining the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes within the control values pointing to its role in immunomodulation.

In competitive advantage terminology, the value is the amount, which the buyer is willing to pay for what the organizations offer to him/her. The value is measured by the total revenue. Organization is profitable if it the value it creates exceeds the costs involved in the creation of its products/services. Innovations that we use today, in the near future will be replaced by the completely new ones. Particular number of individual psychological factors has been studied in connection with resistance to the organizational innovation. For health care organizations in F.B&H, the obstacles in introduction of innovation, are very often political party disagreements, especially when the suggestions for innovations are coming from those who do not hold the political power. Health care is very complex and open macro-system with special importance for society. Health care system is composed of large number of its subsystems (micro-systems). Value and quality of any socio-system is being estimated by the degree of functioning of its components and system as the whole. Unfortunately, today in F.B&H entity, besides few honorable examples, we have a problem with a low and disharmonized complementary health care level, with lack of health care staff and system fragmentation. The ultilization of the modern innovation models, in which all must be included, from changing the patients' and health care workers' mindset, legislation, insurance funds and managers of health care institutions, can be the beginning point in improving the current situation.

The objective of this study was to determine what managers thought about the organizational results performed by utilizing different leadership styles in a part of the banking sector in Algeria. A quantitative survey instrument was designed to analyze their opinions. Quantitative survey instrument design was adopted as the most cost efficient for this research. Convenience sampling method was utilized. As far as the research time frame was concerned, it was performed in a cross- sectional manner, in the summer of 2014. Out of 174 sent out surveys, the responses were collected from 132 surveyed individuals. The survey was the main instrument for data collection and it was designed in a "5 - point Likert’s scale", in addition to descriptive statistics questions. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized as the tool of inferential statistics in order to determine differences in leadership between multiple groups of respondents, by age groups and employment within the organization. The research was conducted to see how efficiently and effectively managers used available human and other material and financial resources to satisfy customers and achieve organizational goals. The paper investigated the impact of transactional leadership style on employees’ performance in Algerian banks. The objectives of the study were to determine the relationship between transactional leadership style and employees performance, The recommendation was made that managers adopt leadership style(s), such as transformational and Level 5 leadership that will enable them to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for attainment of organizational goals.

Introduction: Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Immunoregulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in important homeostatic mechanism for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Tregs cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and determine the range value for Treg cells (CD4+ CD25+) in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis compared to the severity of disease. Material and methods: The study included 51 patients diagnosed with psoriasis and 25 healthy individuals. Phenotype profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry, and assessment of severity of disease was determined on the basis of PASI score (e.g. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). Results: Proportion of CD4+CD25+T cells in the control group was significantly higher than in the patients with psoriasis [6,4% ±(5,4-7,6) vs. 4,1% (3,1 -5,8)–Mann–Whitney U test, p <0.001]. In the present study we did not find a statistically significant correlation between the levels of CD4+CD25+cells, in patients with psoriasis, compared to the severity of disease–PASI. (i.e. Pearson correlation, r = 0.197, p = 0.194). Conclusion: The stratification of patients, according to the severity of the clinical course was not possible on the basis of Treg cells’ level. ROC curve analysis of the optimal cutoff (PASI=10) and the CD4+CD25+, which distinguishes between patients and healthy individuals was 5% of CD4+CD25+ of the total number of CD4+ lymphocytes with specificity of 69% and sensitivity of 84%.