War in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused many psychic and social breakdowns. The consequences on mental health of the war which caused stress are of importance, as well as influences on psychic functioning of individuals are caused by changes in social structure of population and economic potential of the society. Project "Psycho-social aspects of war in BiH" carried out within the frame of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. In this article are given the results of the Project, but only partially. The investigations showed that the number of patients visiting hospitals during the war was greatly increased in the field of stress reactions and reactive psychoses. But incidence and prevalence of alcohol psychoses decreased. Findings are the same for out patient clinics. The field investigation on the free territories of Sarajevo s communities shows enormous increase of mental disorders among the citizens: neurotic over 40%, psychotic about 20% and that is, together, more than 60% of the population of the town Sarajevo were disturbed at that time. Among the children and adolescents there was an increase of neurotic and psychotic disorders in the very beginning of the first year of the war, and decrease of the same diagnoses during the second year. This might be explained by particular adaptation of the youngsters to war conditions. When we are talking about invalidity of neurological and psychiatric disorders, the investigations showed that illness is the mostly caused by invalidity (85.1%) among the global invalidity during the war in Sarajevo. Injuries before the war were at 3%, during the war are 11% of cases. But, all those shows temporary, because war caused invalidity more and we are expecting to registration later. Our investigation among the refugee camps and population in Sarajevo shows that "life equipment" among the displaced persons was lower than domestic people. That shows that after the phase of surviving this part of the population was at risk of many psycho-social problems. Also, our investigation shows that very low socio-economical level of inhabitants of Sarajevo leads to the potential of absolutely poverty. The indicators of this trend are: low level of education, very low life standard, unemployment, bad health conditions etc. Among refugees all those indicators are worse. Criminality in Sarajevo during the war has been increased, particularly among adolescents. One fifth of contents of daily newspaper "Oslobodenje" has been during the war oriented to the health system problems.

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused severe suffering of the population, and left behind destruction and misery. Hundreds of thousands were killed, ten thousands were severely injured, and almost the whole population has endured severe psychological traumas. The consequences today are numerous stress related psychical disorders, and especially PTSD. The war has almost destroyed the system of psychiatric services, and lead to lack of professional staff. Because of this, after the war, Federal Ministry of Health of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decided to carry out a complete reconstruction of psychiatric services based on new principles. Comprehensive care for improvement of mental health; prevention of mental illness, treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill, should be transferred from institutions into the community. Consequently Ministry of Health have designed 38 Community Mental Health Centers in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in connection with already existing Primary Health Care centers (Dom zdravljas). Each of these centers is responsible for mental health in general within a catchment area of 50,000-80,000 inhabitants. A network of Community Mental Health Centers has started to operate. An efficient and useful training of the staff going to work in these centers have been carried out. Nevertheless, there is still significant resistance towards this new approach to mental health services and treatment of people with mental illness in the community. However, many problems related to this new program of community psychiatry have been identified and are under consideration.

The number of war victims in need of physical rehabilitation in Bosnia and Hercegovina is not exactly known but less than one per cent of the population. Anyhow physical rehabilitation services needs to be reorganized in the community taking care of about 70-80% of the patients. The rest are partly in need of institutional care, which is also important for training and research purposes. The reorganization of services for the mentally ill is aimed at both war victims and others and reorganized at Community Mental Health Centers. The number of mentally ill war victims is definitely exceeding the number of physically injured from the war.

Health and social security services are the basic elements which people have the right to ask for from their community. Strong efforts are made to reform the function of this support system all over Bosnia-Hercegovina. With a mutual effort made by Ministry of Health and mental health professionals the Community Mental Health Centres might be an excellent support for people with mental health problems in the society. This is true even for the heavy influx of returnees. The Community Mental Health Centres are expected to handle about 80% of people with mental health problems in the society where people live, or in the new establishments for returnees. However there is a great need for Ministry of Health to design the policy and edict precise rules. The same is true for Ministry of Social Affairs which in co-operation with social workers and other professionals have to reform the Centres for Social Work. However, even if resources are slowly growing, there still seems to lack in communication of the two basic elements, health and social security. Respective ministries in The Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina need to co-operate and the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in Republika Srpska needs to strong in developing a co-operation between the centres in the field.

The present article reviews the recent molecular findings in mood disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation od some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar disorder (BP) on chromosomes 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in mood disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat expansions.

Mood disorders are severe and common psychiatric diseases with two main clinical forms: Bipolar disorder, type 1 (BP1), and Unipolar disorder (UP). This paper provides an overview of the Literature on genetics of BP1 and UP disorders. We described the problems of diagnostic definitions, and statistical methods for studying the genetic etiology of these disorders. Epidemiological and quantitative genetic studies are reviewed. Interactions of susceptibility genes and environmental factors in this disorders are also fundamental and has to be properly investigated. The understanding of genetic aspects of BP1 and UP disorders has benefited from recent findings with DNA markers. Therefore we also provide an overview of linkage and association studies that reveal several chromosomal regions, candidate genes and dynamic mutations which may play role in BP1 and UP disorders.

Ebu Ali Husein Ibn Ali Ibn Sina (or Avicenna) was primarily a philosopher with amusing knowledge, who dealt in all aspects of art of medicine, astronomer, poet, musician and psychologist. This giant with an encyclopedic knowledge has dealt in almost all scientific branches or praxis with the great success. Numerous statements of his have been cornerstone of many sciences for centuries; and some of them are (in the era of computers and Internet) still current. The best known treatise on medicine of his is El-Kanun, consisting of five volumes, wherein all medical achievements (including psychology, psychiatry and neurology) of that period were described clearly. In his psychology, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) analyses the essence of human soul, mind, psychical streams, intellectum, dreams and prophecy, man's desires etc. in details. It is unnecessary to point out how much these items are actual in the contemporary psychology. Ibn al-Nefis has described systematically the symptoms and recovery of "head sick" (including headaches, cerebral sick like cranitis, letargy, coma, demency, melancholy, insomnia, nightmares, epilepsy, appoplexy, paralysis, spasm and many others) in his Mujez al-Kanun, that is synopsis of Ibn Sina Kanun. We need much time to see magnificance of this philosopher, that is best known as the great one among the physicians. His writings could be found in whole Bosnia, but there were many few that would study him and his works. It is out task to enable the future generations not only to know those works exist, but, also, to realize the essence of this marvelous genius; because there are very few people that can be compared to him.

Genetic transmission in manic depressive disorder (MDD) has been explored in linkage and association studies. The X-linked transmission hypothesis has been tested by using several markers on chromosome X. The hypothesis of autosomal transmission has been tested by association studies with the 0 blood group located on chromosome 9, as well as linkage studies on chromosome 6 and chromosome 11. Although linkage studies support the hypothesis of a major locus, several factors are limiting the results which are discussed in the present review.

Medical findings of 210 patients with bronchogenic cancer in the four years period of time were elaborated retrospectively. Bone metastases were found with 27 (13.8%) patients. Diagnostic radiologic procedure were plain radiography and CT. The frequency, the localization and the distribution of bone metastases depending on pathohistological diagnosis were presented. The bone metastases were the most frequent (27 patients or 13.8%) compared to metastases of abdomen (23 patients or 10.9%) and brain (20 patients or 9.5%). Out of the total number of 27 (100%) patients with bone metastases, 9 (33.3%) of them have got solitary metastases, and 18 (66.7%) patients have got multiple metastases. Large number of bone metastases were located at spine, and very rarely at radius, ulna and scapula. It was shown that the small cell carcinoma with the most malignant potential was found with 3 (11.1%) patients only. It can be explained by the fact that a large number of patients hadn't got pathohistological diagnosis (13 patients or 48.2%). As a conclusion, the high percentage of patients without final diagnosis is a result of insufficient diagnostic procedures, the radiological ones due to a lack of technical means and not performing biopsy and autopsy.

During the Turkish rule, there was no organized medical protection of population, and the mentally ill people have been in especially difficult circumstances, since not a single institution has existed before 1640, when in Sinan [symbol: see text]s Tekija in Sarajevo some kind of haven for mental patients was established. More severe cases were sent to the uncertainty of Hospital for Mentally ill in Jedren, deep in the heart of Turkish Empire. Mental patients of Christian religion were treated in churches, monasteries. The Francistiens Order, that has been active in the region since 13th century, was especially involved. After occupying Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy found only "Vakuf Hospital" and Turkish Military Hospital, in 1866. After establishing state Hospital, ex "Vakuf Hospital" was turned into the first Psychiatric institution, which was conducted by Health Counselor, dr Carly Bayer. In 1908, he became the first Head of newly-built Department for mentally ill persons within the State Hospital. By the end of the First World War, there was 113 beds and one doctor in change, Chief of staff dr Egon Zahratka, who was succeeded by dr Salvator Karabaji. In 1947, Neuro-Psychiatric Clinic within the Medical Department of Sarajevo University was established, and its founder and the first Head was prof. dr Nedo Zec. One year later, a Psychiatric Hospital was opened in Jagomir, in vicinity of Sarajevo. Since then neuropsychiatric health services have been constantly expanding, and that is shown in the tables within the paper. Independent development of neurology, psychiatry, psycho-therapy, pharmacological-biological psychiatry and other branches enabled foundation of independent specialized psychiatric and neurological institutions. The expansion of scientific research and educational activities was direct consequence of that. This expansion has been extremely successful during last several decades, that the experts from our Republic were very highly appreciated within the former Yugoslavia, as well as abroad.

The consequences of the severe head injuries should be estimated 1-2 years following the injury. The evaluation must be based upon certain postulates which are to be obligatory for the team of experts (neuropsychiatrist, otologist, ophthalmologist, neuro-radiologist, clinical psychologist). They must work simultaneously as a team for it is the only way to establish the precise qualification of the damage in question. The clinical work up to now has shown many weak points. The first postulate is the information on the state of health prior to the injury: previous injuries and their sequelae, psychopathological manifestations, alcohol abuse, disturbances of the consciousness, vertigo, disturbances of the sight and hearing etc. The second postulate is the review of the case history regarding the acute period of the injury: the qualification of the injury, the duration of the state of unconsciousness and post-traumatic amnesia, focal neurological signs, psychological disturbances, EEG, CT etc. The third postulate is a detailed clinical examination including paraclinical parameters neurological examination (focal neurological signs, hemicerebral syndrome and very seldom-parkinsonism) with consultation of otologist (vestibularis, audiogram) and ophthalmologist (visus, fundus, campus, intraocular pressure), EEG (longitudinal follow-up), possible evoked cerebral potentials. The epilepsy syndrome must be based upon clinical and EEG criteria, while the selection must be very strict. In there are structural brain changes the collaboration with the neuroradiologist is important. Psychological disorders: neurasthenic neurosis, personality disorders, and rarely dementia. It should be clinically confirmed accompanied by psychological tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ABSTRACT— In Yugoslavia a special commision evaluates the working abilities of insured ill people. In the last 14 years the number of people referred to this commision has increased. For people assessed as being unable to work the most frequent diagnoses have been psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases. All individual requests for retirement on partial or full pension based on mental disorder (n = 1563) made in 1982 in Bosna and Herzegovina were studied. People who were awarded pensions were also followed up. The results obtained indicated that the willingness to retire is widespread among insured people, quite often regardless of the actual impairment of their working abilities. Data are interpreted in the light of the severe socioeconomic crisis Yugoslavia has been experiencing through the last decade.