Vault is an apparatus that slightly differs from other in women’s artistic gymnastics in the way of judging, duration of performance, but also in the requirements for certain biomotor abilities of the competitors. Accordingly, the question of number of competitors in the Vault Qualifications arises. Of all the major competitions in the period from 2008 to 2015 only at the competitions that were Individual All-Around Finals and Individual Event Finals (WC2009 and WC2013) a high percentage of Vault Qualifiers (WC2009 = 81.03%; WC2013 = 90.90%) has been identified. At other competitions (OG2008, WC2010, WC2011, QOG2012, OG2012, WC2014, WC2015) only approximately 20% of the elite competitors competed Vault Qualifications. Furthermore, due to identification of the impact of Competitor type (Vault Qualifiers or All-Around competitors), Competition (OG2008, WC2009, WC2010, WC2011, QOG2012, OG2012, WC2013, WC2014, WC2015) and their interaction with vaults Difficulty Scores, Execution Scores and Total Scores between-between 2*9 factorial ANOVA was applied. Finally, it was concluded that biomotor skills and competitors’ selected tactics probably generated the obtained significant differences. The results should be guidelines in planning and programming of training sessions for female elite competitors who aspire towards the Vault

The aim of this study was to examine whether additional training protocol of isokinetic training results in increased biomechanical values of certain parameters and whether it increases functional correlation between speed and strength leading to improved performance of acrobatic elements in floor exercises. Additional training protocol, which lasted for one semester, was performed on Biodex 3 apparatus (60°∙s–1). Examinees participating in this research were (N = 80) male students from Faculty of Sport and Education (mean age, 19.8 ± 1.7 year; weight, 75.2 ± 2,9 kg; height 179.7 ± 6.4 cm). Control group (N = 40), between two measurements, conducted only regular practical teaching program of artistic gymnastics. Experimental group (N = 40), besides regular practical teaching program of artistic gymnastics, also had additional program of isokinetic practice on Biodex 3 apparatus. Experimental group showed obvious structural changes that can be dominantly registered through variables assessing the maximum strength of the dynamic knee stabilizers (the maximum moment of force, overall work and average strength) and reciprocal relationship between agonist and antagonist muscles. In variables assessing the performance of elements of floor exercises in artistic gymnastics we obtained statistically significant differences in elements requiring changes of the maximum strength of the dynamic knee stabilizers: dive roll, back handspring, salto forward and backward tucked.

Vault is an apparatus that slightly differs from other in women’s artistic gymnastics in the way of judging, duration of performance, but also in the requirements for certain biomotor abilities of the competitors. Accordingly, the question of number of competitors in the Vault Qualifications arises. Of all the major competitions in the period from 2008 to 2015 only at the competitions that were Individual All-Around Finals and Individual Event Finals (WC2009 and WC2013) a high percentage of Vault Qualifiers (WC2009 = 81.03% ; WC2013 = 90.90%) has been identified. At other competitions (OG2008, WC2010, WC2011, QOG2012, OG2012, WC2014, WC2015) only approximately 20% of the elite competitors competed Vault Qualifications. Furthermore, due to identification of the impact of Competitor type (Vault Qualifiers or All-Around competitors), Competition (OG2008, WC2009, WC2010, WC2011, QOG2012, OG2012, WC2013, WC2014, WC2015) and their interaction with vaults Difficulty Scores, Execution Scores and Total Scores between-between 2*9 factorial ANOVA was applied. Finally, it was concluded that biomotor skills and competitors’ selected tactics probably generated the obtained significant differences. The results should be guidelines in planning and programming of training sessions for female elite competitors who aspire towards the Vault Finals.

Background: The tensiomyography assessment offers information, in the time domain, regarding the following parameters: maximal radial deformation or displacement of the muscle belly, contraction time, reaction time, sustain time and relaxation time. The aim of this study is to provide information about muscle stiffness, the mechanic and contractile properties using the TMG muscles after 4 months rehabilitation process gymnast. Material/Methods: Four muscles were chosen on both lateral sides involved in artistic gymnastics performance: biceps femoris, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris. The testing sample in this study was taken from the Croatian Republic’s senior representative who won third place 2012 and eighth place 2015 in the floor routine at the ECh. Results: The testing and measuring took place after the subject injured the lumbar region of the spinal cord and after a four-month prevention exercise program. After the first two stages of measuring, the differences can be found in: BF: -7%; ES: +17%; GM: -8%; RF: +11%. Generally speaking, a dependent t-test did not reveal significant differences in between the first and second measurement point (t = 1.941, df = 39, P < 0.059). Conclusions: This approach can be used to investigate top athletes who are in the process of training for muscle recovery as a result of skeletal muscle injury.

KAPIDZIC, A.; HASUKIC, S.; MEHINOVIC, J.; ATIKOVIC, A.; MUJANOVIC, A. N. & MUJANOVIC, E. Body mass indexand volume of fat tissue of unemployed men in the Tuzla Canton. Int. J. Morphol., 33(1):158-163, 2015.SUMMARY: The main objective of this study was to obtain information on indicators of obesity among the unemployed malesubjects from the Tuzla Canton. Also, we wanted to determine whether there are significant differences in the observed parametersbetween subjects in relation to age. The main criterion for the selection of test subjects is that they are unemployed. This is because wefelt that those persons have more free time for practicing sports and recreational activities, and there is a very small number of studies inthe area of Tuzla Canton with the characteristics of the sample. For the purpose of this research we applied analysis of percen tage/ratio,t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U Test. Applied analysis showed that the increased value of Body Mass Index(BMI) and to the account of increased amounts of body fat has 31.5% of the respondents. It also found that there are significantdifferences in the variables Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage (% FAT) and the total weight of fat mass (in kg) in the body(FATMAS-kg) in favor of the subjects belonging to the older age group. The results indicate the existence of the problem of obesity inmales from Tuzla Canton, especially in the older age group. It is therefore necessary in adolescence or even earlier, to start with educationand systematic practice of sports and recreational activities with respect to dietary habits.KEY WORDS: Body Mass Index; Fat Tissue; Unemployed Men.

Background: This study was carried out among undergraduate students at the University of Tuzla (Bosna and Herzegovina) with the objective of examining gender differences in the body mass index (BMI) and the level of Physical Activity (PA) among respondents. Material/Methods: This study was conducted to: determine the body mass index (BMI) and the average weekly number of hours of sport activity in the last six months (PA). A research sample was made of female students (n=330) in the chronological age of 19.3+1.5 yrs, 60.7%, and of male students (n=213) in the chronological age of 20.0+1.8 yrs, 39.2%. Results: On average, the students (both female and male) spend 5.60 (5.03) hours on physical activity per week. Female students spend 4.05 (4.32) hours, while male students dedicate 8.11 (5.30) hours to physical activities. It can be concluded that in principle the students practice physical activities and recreation, but still 1/5 of all students are inactive. The obtained results for the BMI show that the majority of students are in the zone of normal values: female – 278 (84.2%); male – 157 (73.7%). Correlations between BMI and PA amount to (R=.214; p<0.01) and (R 2 =.046; p<0.01). The results of the T-test show a more significant statistical variable of differences between female and male students at the level of p<0.05. In comparison to female students, male students have 2.35 kg/m 2 higher BMI, and they are more active in physical activities for 4.06 hours in comparison to women. Conclusions: The focus should be directed to the education of young people, because they can easily adopt healthy habits that should be maintained for life. These results point out the necessity of an integrated approach to prevention and control of risk factors, particularly among youth.

Inequalities in healthbehaviors exist between regions of Europe, along a North West/South East axis. This study investigated whether prevalence of walking to school and associated psychosocial antecedents differed between these two European regions. Participants were 1,263 children aged 7-11 years, from five countries. Children from North West Europe (n = 641) and South East Europe (n = 622) completed a school travel questionnaire that measured demographics, school commuting mode, travel companion, feelings about their local area, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related to walking to school. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate differences in TBP variables between children from the two regions of Europe. More children from South East Europe walked to school (70.8%) compared to those in the North West (47%). For the TPB variables, a significant multivariate main effect for region was found (Wilks' λ=.94, F (4, 1201)=20.55, pp. Inequalities in walking to school exist between European regions. Children from South East Europe walk to school more than their counterparts from the North West. However children from North West Europe display higher scores on TPB variables, suggesting that psychosocial constructs related to walking to school may not explain rates of engagement in this behaviour.

The aim of this research is to determine the impact of specific motor knowledge of alpine skiing on success in giant slalom race of students. On a sample of 18 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport there has been used set of four variables of specific motor knowledge of alpine skiing, as predictor variables, to determine the impact on the criterion variable modified giant slalom race. It was found that the variables dynamic long radius turns and skiing with the changes of rhythm and tempo together have a greatest predictor validity, at statistically significant level of p = 0.01, and that they are critical for success in modified giant slalom race of students. It can be concluded that the impact on the result in the modified giant slalom race for students have the level of mastering of advanced elements of ski technique, which at this level of knowledge is crucial in giant slalom competition. The results of this study may be of importance in creating programs for different levels of mastering of skiing techniques in both advanced ski school and some stages of competitive skiing, which is of great importance for the result in giant slalom and skiing in general.

The main goal of this paper is a comparison of the percentagewise presence of the scores by the quality levels from the C.I. competition. Establishment of the differences between certain apparatus, competitions and judges’ commissions stems from the set goal. There is a big difference in the variability of results at Olympic Games, World and European Championship. Generally, the lowest average score at the competitions was on the pommel horse, and the highest one, on the vault. The article can provide useful information on the role of tactics in gymnastics competition in the team and all around competition.

Low back pain (LBP) presents a significant health problem in all countries. Physical inactivity and intensive sports activityhave been found to be associated with LBP. The aim of this study is the presents the data about the prevalence of LBP in young adults and its associations with vitality and physical activity.The study sample presented (n=25) of female students inthe chronological age of 21.44+3.30yrs, 22.7%, and (n=85) of male students in the chronological age of 21.19+1.62 yrs,72.2%. We used the questionnaire, which included the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) for the evaluation of levels of chronic pain. With a short health survey (SF-36) we tried to measure the health status. A total of (n=110, 78.5%) of allstudents of Faculty of Physical Education and Sport had pain intensity at some point in last six months. Female studentsreported Intensity score for (n=21, 84.0%) higher prevalence of LBP, compared to the male students (n=64, 75.3%). Femalestudents reported Disability score for (n=15, 60.0%)higher prevalence of LBP, compared to the male students (n=50,58.8%). The impact of individual variables and showed that the highest and statistically most important influence of thecriteria variable were as followsCPI: quality bad, body mass index, your health in general is; DS: your health in general,hours of sport spend on average per week in the last six months.

Low back pain (LBP) presents a significant health problem in all countries. Physical inactivity and intensive sports activityhave been found to be associated with LBP. The aim of this study is the presents the data about the prevalence of LBP in young adults and its associations with vitality and physical activity.The study sample presented (n=25) of female students inthe chronological age of 21.44+3.30yrs, 22.7%, and (n=85) of male students in the chronological age of 21.19+1.62 yrs,72.2%. We used the questionnaire, which included the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) for the evaluation of levels of chronic pain. With a short health survey (SF-36) we tried to measure the health status. A total of (n=110, 78.5%) of allstudents of Faculty of Physical Education and Sport had pain intensity at some point in last six months. Female studentsreported Intensity score for (n=21, 84.0%) higher prevalence of LBP, compared to the male students (n=64, 75.3%). Femalestudents reported Disability score for (n=15, 60.0%)higher prevalence of LBP, compared to the male students (n=50,58.8%). The impact of individual variables and showed that the highest and statistically most important influence of thecriteria variable were as followsCPI: quality bad, body mass index, your health in general is; DS: your health in general,hours of sport spend on average per week in the last six months.

The main objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between biomechanical parameters of vault flights with respect to new models of initial vault difficulty values in men’s artistic gymnastic. The study sample included vaults (n=64) and models (n=5) from the 2009 Code of Points (CoP) of the Federation International of Gymnastics (FIG). The dependent variable included all difficulty values ranging from 2-7.2 points, while the sample of independent variables included twelve biomechanical parameters. After implementing the regression analysis, it could be established that the best model derived only the second flight phase with 95% of explained variance.

With this research we wanted to establish whether there is a significant influence of some primary motor abilities on the prediction of success in mastering and performing a basic sport movement called bunny hops on floor. The sample of examinees consisted of (n=97) boys and (n=92) girls of the primary Catholic school centre „Saint Franjo“ in Tuzla and their grades range from 1st to 9th, aged between 6 and 15. The sample of predictor variables consisted of the 14-test battery for the estimation of motor abilities. The criteria variable is bunny hop on 9 meters (s). Relations between motor indicators and mark efficiency in executing the situation dynamic stereotype are analysed by the regression analysis. Variable polygon backward has the greatest positive statistically significant influence on preformance, and the reason for it is in the fact that the co-ordination of whole-body movements is in a direct correlation boys (r: 0.625, p<0.01) and girls (r: 0.690, p<0.01) because it has a similar structure movements with the efficiency of the bunny hop performance on the floor. The results of regression analysis predictor system variables explained (boys R .731; girls R .778) of common variance with the criterion, while the correlation of the entire system of predictor variables with the criterion, coefficient of multiple correlation is (boys R2; .534; girls R2; .605).

On a sample of 176 male gymnasts, we analyzed the score of judges from the World Championship in men’s artistic gymnastics, held 2009 in London. The subject of the analysis were the final scores competitors got for the exercises shown in the qualifying competition (C I). Analysis problem was determination of the differences on individual apparatus between judges E1 to E6 and apparatus. The main objective of this study was to determine the reliability of evaluation of judges and whether the current Code of Points (Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, 2009b) should be revised in terms of equalizing score on apparatus. Equality was tested for the achieved D, E and all-around scores on the disciplines of floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar. Vault has the highest D and E scores, while pommel horse the lowest D and E scores. T-tests showed that those two disciplines significantly differ from other disciplines. Reliability were calculated (intraclass correlation coefficient ICR, Cronbach’s alpha, differences in mean E1 to E6 between judges were tested using factor analyses with method first major component. All data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 17.0. Results show very high reliability (e.g. Cronbach’s alpha range from .94 up to .98).