The Medical faculty in Mostar has been in existence since 1997. Establishing and developing a new school of medicine is a long, laborious and expensive process. The tripartite mission of medical school education, health care, and research, represents the three basic pillars of academic medicine. According to the Royal College of Physicians „academic medicine is the discovery and development of basic principles, effective policies, and best practices that advance research and education in the medical disciplines, ultimately to improve the health and well-being of individuals and populations“. Academic medicine might be also defined as „the capacity of the system of health and health care to think, study, research, discover, evaluate, innovate, teach, learn, and improve“ (Awasthi et al. 2005). The main roles of academic medicine include: 1. rational and creative application of scientific achievements into medical practice; 2. provision of the highest level of education and research, and improvement of health on a global level; 3. educational and ethical guard of medical research; 4. promotion of scientific and systematic thinking and information proccessing strategies in medicine as an art and practice of the learning organisation; 5. fighting for global health despite all political and economic problems.
Despite the advances in medical technology, health care improvements have not always been accompanied by commensurate attention to the child's well-being. Psychological and emotional status of children during hospital treatment is often underestimated. Namely, certain kind of institutional negligence is frequently present in everyday practice in children's institutions. Many hospitals in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) have become child-friendly during the implementation of the Project on Child-Friendly Hospitals supported by UNICEF and WHO. Apart from the introduction of child friendly environment, staff in hospitals was trained to provide a holistic approach. The program was closely linked to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative that supported breastfeeding. A few years thereafter, our focus is still on the physical treatment of sick children, whereas the attention to their anxieties, fears and suffering has failed. A more serious approach to this problem is needed and should begin at an educational level in medical school programs. Accordingly, our philosophy (mission) should change from a mechanical (techno-) medicine to holistic medicine.
Comorbidity and multimorbidity represent one of the greatest chalenge to academic medicine. Many disorders are often comorbidly expressed in diverse combinations. In clinical practice comorbidity and multimorbidity are underrecognized, underdiagnosed, underestimated and undertreated. So that one can speak about comorbidity and multimorbidity anosognosia. Comorbidities and multimorbidities are indifferent to medical specializations, so the integrative and complementary medicine is an imperative in the both education and practice. Shifting the paradigm from vertical/mono-morbid interventions to comorbidity and multimorbidity approaches enhances effectiveness and efficiency of human resources utilization. Comorbidity and multimorbidity studies have been expected to be an impetus to research on the validity of current diagnostic systems as well as on establishing more effective and efficient treatment including individualized and personalized pharmacotherapy.
Professionalism has been a hot topic in medical education and in medicine in general. Professionalism in medicine embodies the relationship between medicine and society as it forms the basis of patient-physician relationships and the mutual expectations patients and physicians have of each other. Education on professionalism in medicine and professionalism in medical education are two important liasions. Increasing efforts have focused on fostering professionalism in medical education. Medical faculties have long taught the theoretical and technical aspects of medicine, but teaching professionalism in medicine and healing qualities has been a recent trend. The concept of professionalism has evolved over time by a process of exploration and reflection. It seems that medical professionalism has been changing from paternalism to partnership with patients and mutuality, from tribalism to collegiality, and from self-sacrifice to shared responsibility. There is still no consensus on how professionalism in medicine should be defined as and about the best methods for teaching medical professionalism. The aim of this "landscape" review is to promote the complete integration of a culture of professionalism into the educational and research body, including staff, faculty, residents and students.
Post-conflict (PC) affiliation refers to positive social interactions that occur after fights. Although this behavior has been widely studied, its functions are rarely tested. We examine a potential function of PC third-party affiliation (affiliation between former opponents and bystanders) in rooks and jackdaws by investigating the hypothesis that conflicts lead to further aggression and that PC third-party affiliation increases to reduce such aggression. The results show that PC affiliation reduces PC aggression for rook aggressors who were less likely to receive aggression after conflicts when they were affiliating with another vs. when they were alone. The opposite result was found for victims of both species who received more aggression after conflicts, and this aggression was not reduced by the act of affiliating. Finally, for jackdaw aggressors, the amount of aggression received after conflicts was not influenced by whether the individual was affiliating or alone, indicating that PC third-party affiliation may serve a function that we did not examine. These findings highlight the importance of investigating functional differences in PC affiliative behavior according to the role played in the conflict.
State-attribution is the ability to ascribe to others an internal life like one’s own and to understand that internal, psychological states such as desire, hope, belief, and knowledge underlie others’ actions. Despite extensive research, comparative studies struggle to adequately integrate key factors of state-attribution that have been identified by evolutionary and developmental psychology as well as research on empathy. Here, we develop a behavioral paradigm to address these issues and investigate whether male Eurasian jays respond to the changing desire-state of their female partners when sharing food. We demonstrate that males feed their mates flexibly according to the female’s current food preference. Critically, we show that the males need to see what the female has previously eaten to know what food she will currently want. Consequently, the males’ sharing pattern was not simply a response to their mate’s behavior indicating her preference as to what he should share, nor was it a response to the males’ own desire-state. Our results raise the possibility that these birds may be capable of ascribing desire to their mates.
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