Our environment is replete with rich varieties of bacteria, viruses and fungi. They do not waste time as they attack the human body as early as at birth, namely during the passage through the birth canal. While many neonates, children and adults become colonized, only some become actually infected by microorganisms, that is, they develop infectious diseases, which are products of the interaction of microorganisms and the human defense system. The microbial world is unpredictable, changeable and adaptable, as is evident in the microbes’ abilities to develop high rates of antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand, the human defense system, with its innate and adaptive immunity, has the unprecedented ability to both recognize an almost endless number of antigens that originate from microorganisms and to create protection from them. After an initial response to a specific pathogen, the adaptive immunity has the ability to create an immunological memory that will render it capable to adequately respond to potential subsequent pathogens. All of the aforementioned characteristics, namely adaptive immunity, as Editorial
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