Introduction: Many factors affect the growth and development of the mandible. The most common one is micrognathia; this can pose and neonatal emergency. Early recognition of mandibular and other face anomalies could provide immediate care for these infants, and presence of neonatologist or other doctors in the delivery room. The aim: Aim of this study was to develop normal ranges of the facial markers: mandibular length, jaw index and the facial angle in the fetus using 3D ultrasound. Material and methods: The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study in the second trimester of pregnancy. Fetuses (female n=23 and male n=27) from singleton pregnancy between 29-37 week of gestation were examined by ultrasound. All images were acquired transabdominally, using Voluson E16. Ultrasound was performed by an experienced operator (SM) and measured the values of head circumference, abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter, femur length, body mass. For mandibular length, inferior facial angle, and the jaw index was calculated (Jaw Index =AP mandibular diameter / BPD * 100), the profile images were used (only images in the exact midsagittal plane were used). The characteristics of the fetal profiles were determined by the Schwartz and Ricketts profile analysis using soft tissue landmarks and analysis of the profile photographs. Results: The results show that the jaw index ranged from 25.33 and 34.06 with an average of 26.00 for all examined fetuses. Conclusion: The physiological position of the mandible is retrognathic and that the average physiological length of the mandible in the third trimester is 2.31cm. There is no difference in mandibular length between genders. Corresponding Author: Samra Salga-Nefic Rosenweg 2a, 3125 Toffen, Switzerland, e-mail: samrasalaga@gmail.com A determination of the standards of morphometrics variables of the stomatognathic system of a fetus INTRODUCTION Many factors affect the growth and development of the mandible: genes, irregular cell migration, low growth potential, feeding habits, and other habits acquired by newborns.1 The most common anomalies are microgenia (weak mandible growth) and retrogenia (small mandible growth in the sagittal plane).1 Deviation of physiological mandibular growth and development may incapacitate the essential functions of the stomatognathic system. Fetuses with mandible anomalies are at risk of airway obstruction through retro-positioning of the tongue-base into posterior pharyngeal airway.2 Micrognathia is frequently seen in Pierre Robin sequence, however it can be found in many genetic syndromes.3 Antenatal diagnosis of anomalies by ultrasound is widely used nowadays. The aim of this study was to develop normal ranges of the facial marker: mandibular length, jaw index and the facial angle in the fetus using 3D ultrasound. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study in the second trimester of pregnancy. Fetuses (female n=23 and male n=27) from singleton pregnancy between 29-37 week of gestation were examined by ultrasound. All images were acquired transabdominally, using ultrasound Voluson E16, GE Healthcare, Austria GmbH & Co OG. Salaga-Nefic S., Mehmedbasic S., Kozadra J., Zukanovic A., Tiro, A., Dzemidzic, V., Nakas E. A determination of the standards of morphometrics variables of the stomatognathic system of a fetus. South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res. 2019;6(1):6-11. Submitted: July 30, 2018; Revised: March 7, 2019; Published: April 30, 2019 6 South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res Salaga-Nefic S. et al. Morphometrics variables of the fetus

Introduction: Malocclusion as an oral disorder can cause negative impact on individuals oral conditions, social interactions and self-esteem. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) of patients who had received fixed orthodontic treatment and patients who had not received fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 178 participants attended at professional dental office (mean age 22.71 years) in two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group comprised of 90 subjects who were in the retention phase, after their orthodontic treatment, and the control group comprised of 88 untreated subjects. Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess the patients oral health related quality of life (OHQoL). Results: The control group had significantly higher OHIP-14 scores than experimental group (p < 0.001). Participants with treatment need reported a significantly greater negative impact on the overall OHRQoL score. Conclusion: Subjects with no history of orthodontic treatment had more negative oral health related quality (OHRQoL), than subjects who had completed orthodontic treatment. Dental malocclusion has significant negative impact on OHRQoL.

Introduction: Socioeconomic changes have a significant impact on the health of the population. Socioeconomic development of society is one of the basic determinants of the health condition and needs of the individual and in the population as well. Aim: To explore the existence of differences in indicators of oral health status between the displaced persons and domicile population, considering the socioeconomic status (SES) of the respondents. Patients and Methods: A total of 310 people, aged 35-44 (mean 40.19 ± 3.60), were interviewed and examined, with 157 of them in a subsample of domicile inhabitants and other 153 respondents in displaced persons subsample. The SES of respondents was determined using a survey. After conducted examinations in study participants, determined results were recorded as dental status (DMFT Index), and periodontal status (CPI Index). Results: There was a significant difference in the mean value of caries existence between displaced persons of low and middle SES. In domicile inhabitants, there were no statistically significant differences in mean values of caries existence between the individuals with low and middle SES, while the differences existed between the individuals with low and high and between the middle and high SES. Domicile inhabitants with high SES had significantly less carious lesions than those with lower SES. Domicile inhabitants with high SES had significantly fewer extractions and more teeth with fillings. Conclusion: People with low SES have worse oral health status. Displacement and low socioeconomic status significantly influence the state of oral health.

Introduction: Living conditions and socioeconomic status are the significant determinants of oral health. The research goal was to analyze the dietary habits of 12-year-old children in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina. Another goal was to investigate the differences in food cariogenicity of children living under different socioeconomic conditions and to determine their relationship with the oral health. Materials and methods: The sample included 109 children, classified in groups of high, average and low socioeconomic status. Based on the survey and examination, data on nutrition and caries experience (DMFT index) were obtained. Results: There was a difference in dietary habits between children living under different conditions. Children of high socioeconomic status (SES) had a more favorable number of daily meals comparing to children of low socioeconomic status. The average DMFT index, as a measure of caries experience of 12-year-old children amounted 4.8(±3.2). Children of high socioeconomic status had significantly lower caries experience than those from average and low statuses (high SES DMFT 3,60±2,84SD vs. middle SES DMFT 5,28±3,83SD and low SES DMFT 5,47±2,53SD; p<0.05). Corresponding Author: Amila Zukanović Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo Bolnička 4, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: amila.zukanovic@hotmail.com Socioeconomic condition and dietary habits in relation to oral health in 12-year-old children from Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina

Introduction : A method for age estimation, based on measurements of projections of open apices and heights of developing permanent teeth on orthopantomograms (OPTs), was presented by Cameriere in 2006 and adopted European formula was presented in 2007. Aim : This cross-sectional study tested the accuracy of Cameriere’s European formula on a sample from the City of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Materials and methods : A final sample of 560 OPTs of 305 girls and 255 boys aged 8 to 14 years was obtained. The sample was collected at the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine at the University of Sarajevo (SFUNSA). Dental age was compared to chronological age and mean absolute error (MAE) was calculated. Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement of the evaluated variables were calculated. Results : The dental age was underestimated when compared to chronological age, precisely, mean underestimation was -0.14 years in girls and -0.17 years in boys. The values of MAE were 0.62 years in girls and 0.56 years in boys. The greatest error was found for the 14-year old group; DA was -1.04 years and -0.70 years in girls and boys respectively. Conclusion : Our results showed that Cameriere’s European formula might be a useful tool for age estimation in children from Bosnia and Herzegovina under the age of 14 years.

When dealing with orthopaedic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion, a long-term stability of the treatment outcome is not always achievable. Although, clinical investigations1-4 have reported that orthopaedic treatments are effective to reduce skeletal Class III malocclusion avoiding surgery, there is a tendency for some patients toward re-emergence of the Class III growth pattern, especially during the pubertal growth phase.5 ABSTRACT

Objective. To evaluate the difference between chronological and dental age, calculated by Willems and Cameriere methods, in various skeletal patterns according to Steiner's ANB Classification. Methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised the sample of 776 participants aged between 7 and 15 years (368 males and 408 females). For each participant, panoramic images (OPT) and laterolateral cephalograms (LC) were collected from the medical database. On LC ANB angle was measured; on OPT dental age (DA) was calculated while chronological age (CA) and sex were recorded. The sample was divided into three subgroups (Class I, Class II, and Class III) with similar distribution based on the chronological age and ANB angle. CA was calculated as the difference between the date of OPT imaging and the date of birth, while DA was evaluated using Willems and Cameriere methods. ANB angle was measured on LC by two independent investigators using the cephalometric software. Differences between sexes and the difference between dental and chronological age were tested by independent and paired samples t-test, respectively; one-way ANOVA was used to test differences among ANB classes with Tukey post hoc test to compare specific pairs of ANB classes. Results. The significant difference was found between Class III and other two skeletal classes in males using both dental age estimation methods. In Class III males dental age was ahead averagely by 0.41 years when using Willems method, while Cameriere method overestimated CA for 0.22 years. Conclusion. In males with Class III skeletal pattern, dental development is faster than in Classes I and II skeletal pattern. This faster development is not present in females.

Objective. To compare the development of permanent teeth in a group of children with the congenitally missing permanent teeth (CMPT) and corresponding nonaffected group. Methods. The formation stages of all developing permanent teeth were determined on 345 panoramic radiographs (OPTs) by the method of Haavikko (1970), and dental age was calculated. The paired samples t-test was used to compare the differences between dental age (DA) and chronological age (CA) in those with CMPT and those not affected. Spearman test was used to evaluate the correlation between DA-CA and the number of missing teeth. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the development of the teeth adjacent to the place of the agenesis with matched pair in corresponding nonaffected group. Results. Dental age was significantly delayed in CMPT children compared to the nonaffected group (p < 0.001). The mean differences were −0.57 ± 1.20 years and −0.61 ± 1.23 years in males and females, without difference between sexes (p = 0.763). The number of missing teeth affected the delay only in females (p = 0.024). Only mesial teeth in females were significantly delayed in development when compared to the nonaffected group (p = 0.007). Conclusion. Our findings show that the development of the permanent teeth is delayed when compared to the nonaffected group of the same sex and age.

Orthodontic tooth movement is the result of bone remodeling that occurs in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissue as a response to mechanical loading of the tooth. The aim of this study is to investigate the time- and dose-response effects of locally administered clodronate on tooth movement. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 specimens: E1 - application of 10 mMol of clodronate in 3-day intervals; E2 - application of 2.5 mMol of clodronate in 3-day intervals; E3 - application of 10 mMol of clodronate in 7-day intervals; E4 - application of 2.5 mMol of clodronate in 7-day intervals. A 50 μL clodronate solution was injected into a subperiosteal area to the right maxillary incisor. The left maxillary incisor served as a control, with an injection of saline solution. In 3-day interval application regime, there was no effect of clodronate dosing on tooth movement. In 7-day interval application regime, decreased tooth movement was observed with 10 mMol compared with 2.5 mMol clodronate concentration. However, decreased tooth movement was also observed when 2.5 mMol of clodronate was applied in 7-versus 3-day intervals. Conversely, no difference was observed when 10 mMol concentration was applied in 3- versus 7-day intervals. When clodronate is applied subperiosteally in the root area, it decreases the tooth movement. Tooth movement is impeded by the higher clodronate dosing, as well as by shorter application interval even with lower dosing. The purpose of future trials should, therefore, be to determine a safe therapeutic dose/interval application of clodronate in humans and their potential side effects.

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were: to investigate the relationship between mandibular canine calcification stages and skeletal maturity; and to evaluate whether the mandibular canine calcification stages may be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for skeletal maturity assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 151 subjects: 81 females and 70 males, with ages ranging from 9 to 16 years (mean age: 12.29±1.86 years). The inclusion criteria for subjects were as follows: age between 9 and 16 years; good general health without any hormonal, nutritional, growth or dental development problems. Subjects who were undergoing or had previously received orthodontic treatment were not included in this study. The calcification stages of the left permanent mandibular canine were assessed according to the method of Demirjian, on panoramic radiographs. Assessment of skeletal maturity was carried out using the cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI), as proposed by the Hassel-Farman method, on lateral cephalograms. The correlation between the calcification stages of mandibular canine and skeletal maturity was estimated separately for male and female subjects. RESULTS Correlation coefficients between calcification stages of mandibular canine and skeletal maturity were 0.895 for male and 0.701 for female subjects. CONCLUSIONS A significant correlation was found between the calcification stages of the mandibular canine and skeletal maturity. The calcification stages of the mandibular canine show a satisfactory diagnostic performance only for assessment of pre-pubertal growth phase.

Aim: The aim of our study is to compare incidence of orthodontic malocclusion based on occlusal indices and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and to evaluate the most commonly used method among the dentists for orthodontic treatment in Sarajevo. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 110 (31 female and 79 male)subjects older than 16 years with complete permanent dentition. Subjects were examined according to Occlusal Index (Angle classification of malocclusion, overjet, overbite, dental arch crowding and tooth rotation) and IOTN index. We conduct survey regarding which indexes are used in deciding on orthodontic treatment need, among primary health care and Orthodontist. Results: The present study show differences between the presence of malocclusion and treatment need as assessed by these two used indices. Based on the survey that we conduct all primary health care doctors use Occlusal Index to decide need for orthodontic treatment, more than 95% of orthodontic specialist use Occlusal Index for treatment need estimation. Conclusion: When measuring and grading treatment needs we should rely on Index of orthodontic treatment need. In such high demand for orthodontic treatment need it is necessary to establish need for the orthodontic treatment as fundamental, so that individuals with greatest treatment need can be assigned priority.