During the recent 4th European Summer School in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Vrsac (2006, September 16–20), organized by the European Association of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) and the Clinical Pharmacology Section (CPS) of the Serbian Pharmacological Society (SPS), as well as the International Federation of Associations of Pharmaceutical Physicians and the Serbian Association of Pharmaceutical Physicians it was obvious that the status of clinical pharmacology still varies widely from country to country in Europe 1, . Namely, in spite of many initiatives, its development in many countries is too slow. The aim of this review was to present the development and the state of the art of clinical pharmacology in Serbia.

During the last five decades, five pyridinium oximes were found to be worthy of use as antidotes against nerve agents in humans: pralidoxime, in a form of chloride or PAM-2 Cl and mesylate or P2S (against sarin, cyclosarin and VX), trimedoxime or TMB-4 and obidoxime or LüH-6 (both against tabun, sarin and VX), HI-6 (against sarin, soman, cyclosarin and VX) and HLö-7 (against all the five nerve agents). In order to provide the auto-injector with the best and most potent acetylcholinesterase reactivator, the Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) received in the 1990s a core funding from the federal government's CBRN research and Technology Initiative (CRTI). Its ultimate result should be three products: (1) 3-in-1 auto-injector (atropine, HI-6 dimethanesulphonate and avizafone, as anticonvulsant), (2) 2-in-1 auto-injector (atropine and HI-6 dimethanesulphonate) and (3) HI-6 dimethanesulphonate in a vial for administration by the medically trained personnel. Previous experimental and clinical experience suggests that, among the oximes mentioned, only trimedoxime and obidoxime can be used for acetylcholinesterase reactivation and antidotal protection against most of the organophosphorus insecticides. The search for an "omnipotent" oxime, effective in reactivation of AChE inhibited with both nerve agents and organophosphorus insecticides, is still ongoing.