This study aimed to explore the use of nominal and verbal Anglicisms by Bosnian high school students, the students’ familiarity with these Anglicisms and their attitudes towards them and it also aimed to see whether these factors vary with respect to the frequency of students’ use of English in speaking, listening, reading and writing. The findings point to a very frequent use of Anglicisms among Bosnian participants, particularly verbal Anglicisms which tended to be significantly more frequently employed than nominal Anglicisms, and slightly greater familiarity with the English form rather than with the Bosnian equivalent form. Moreover, the frequency of the use of Anglicisms was related to the frequency of reading and writing in English, while the familiarity with the Bosnian equivalent was significantly related to speaking and reading and familiarity with the English equivalent form to all four aspects of English language use. The participants also expressed rather positive attitudes towards Anglicisms, perceiving them as a useful addition and not a serious threat to their native language.

Introduction. Despite the fact that error correction has significant and long-term effects on facilitating language learning and development, there has not been any research that investigates its influence on learners' motivation within the classroom context of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Purpose. This research aims to examine the impact of written and oral corrective feedback on students' motivation and achievement within this EFL context. Method. For this quantitative study, the questionnaire has been used to collect the data from 160 middle and high school students in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results. The findings indicated that the respondents generally like to be corrected and they are moderately to highly motivated to speak and write in English as a foreign language. Furthermore, learners with positive attitudes towards the received feedback feel significantly more motivated to keep learning than those with negative attitudes. Conclusion. The study is expected to provide teachers with suggestions on how to transform their classrooms into an environment conducive to the development of higher levels of writing and speaking motivation and how to provide corrective feedback that will positively influence students' EFL achievement.

This book presents a critique of current English as a Business Lingua Franca (BELF) practices using research conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authors identify English communication behaviours that hinder or promote success in the workplace, and trace these back to curricula and teaching practices.

The book English in B&H: posh or casual? by Amna Brdarević-Čeljo and Vildana Dubravac makes a significant contribution to the sociolinguistic perspective on the status of English in the world and particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Introducing readers to a wide array of sociolinguistic topics, the authors focus on the variability of English among its users and the prevalent impact of two most prominent world Englishes, namely Standardised British and Standardised American English. The theoretical discussion is further strengthened by research into Bosnian EFL users’ and EL teachers’ preference for one or the other variety in different domains of language use. Taking into consideration both perspectives, the authors ultimately put forward practical suggestions as to how to approach variability and consistency in language education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The importance of applying cooperative learning and aiming toward an increase in motivation to maximize the effectiveness of the learning process has not sparked an intense research interest in the Bosnian EFL context. Thus, the current study, conducted among 211 high-school participants, explores the impact of gender and grade level on students’ cooperative learning and motivation for EFL learning and aims to determine whether any cooperative learning components are significant predictors of students’ motivation and their EFL achievement. The findings showed no significant gender and grade level differences in cooperative learning and motivation. Additionally, the results revealed that individual accountability and interpersonal skills are significant predictors of participants’ motivation and that promotive interaction and interpersonal skills are significant predictors of their EFL achievement. The research points to the importance of incorporating cooperative learning strategies and motivation-strengthening activities into EFL teaching, which will eventually lead to the improvement in students’ EFL achievements.

The linguistic knowledge of foreign language learners appears to be partly implicit and partly explicit. Learners rely on implicit knowledge when involved in spontaneous everyday com- munication, while explicit knowledge enables them to reflect on language structures and reco- gnise or use metalanguage. The present study investigated the explicit and implicit foreign language learners’ knowledge of English tenses in the Bosnian context at the end of the first educational cycle, i.e., primary school, by means of a metalinguistic test, an untimed gram- maticality judgement test and an elicited imitation test. The study aimed at exploring the var- iability in the quantity and quality of EFL learners’ knowledge and the relationship between different types of knowledge based on three factors, namely gender, average grade, and start- ing age. While revealing quite limited knowledge of the target structures, the findings showed no significant difference between explicit and implicit knowledge, while the correlation co- efficients between them were relatively high. Out of the three factors, a three-way ANOVA showed that only average grade proved to have a significant main effect on EFL knowledge. The interaction effect of gender and grade was significant on the participants’ overall EFL knowledge and their explicit knowledge, whereas a significant interaction effect of all three factors was confirmed only on explicit knowledge.

Regular curriculum modifications and the shift from a teacher-centered to a learner-centered paradigm in educational institutions are meant to enhance the teaching-learning process and fulfill learners' needs as successfully as possible. This study aimed to examine learners' attitudes towards learning English, their needs/wants, learning preferences, strategies, and lesson topics. Moreover, it also investigated the differences in learning preferences based on grade level.  The data were gathered from a survey administrated to 200 elementary school students in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The findings illustrated that the participants generally have a positive attitude towards learning English with more significant extrinsic reasons motivating them to learn it. Regarding students' needs, the analysis revealed that overall, students found writing the most challenging and speaking the most desirable language skill. Furthermore, the majority of the participants reported that they like to learn by reading texts or stories, finding the discussion in the classroom the most annoying classroom activity. While learning vocabulary by translating new words is regarded as the most beneficial method, doing written exercises at school presents the most significant way of acquiring grammar. Moreover, the study identified a significant influence of a grade level on the preferred ways of learning English.

As a core language skill, reading has always occupied a prominent role in the process of language acquisition, with a strategic approach to its development contributing to greater reading competences and better learning outcomes. The present paper, thus, aims to explore variation in strategy use by study field, year of study and university type among 228 university-level students in Bosnia and Herzegovina employing the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS). A one-way MANCOVA revealed a significant effect of the study field on the overall use of reading strategies with the age factor being controlled and a univariate ANOVA indicated that the study field significantly affected all strategy subtypes. More specifically, students in the field of psychology seem to be the most frequent users of reading strategies and their two subtypes, namely global and support strategies, whereas the students in the field of English language and literature most frequently use problem-solving strategies. Moreover, a two-way MANOVA showed a significant interaction effect of the university status and the year of study on the metacognitive reading strategy use, even though their main effects were insignificant. The current study findings may contribute to broader understanding of the overall as well as type-specific use of reading strategies by EFL learners of different backgrounds, thus setting out guidelines for the development of corresponding curricula and instructional design.

Being able to read well is crucially important for language learners. Successful performance at elementary and high school level, as well as on higher levels of academic education, is partly dependent on the ability to read. It is believed that good learners are those who are proficient in reading. However, building such a connection between a reader and the written information is complex for both English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL) students, and requires the application of various reading strategies. The present study aimed to investigate EFL Bosnian learners' awareness of the use of various reading strategies. Furthermore, the study investigated students' reading habits, favorite reading materials, and the purpose of reading. It was conducted among fifty-seven ninth grade elementary school students. The findings proved that these students are aware of the importance of reading and development of reading skills, as well as of the importance of using appropriate reading strategies in order to be proficient readers and eventually to be more successful in the overall process of learning.

The main objective of this corpus-based study is to shed more light on the influence of the English language on BCS with the focus on the business register. The specialized and written corpus was designed in order to examine at what levels of BCS the impact of English is most notable. The corpus was based on the texts from the news portal Klix. The results showed that the influence of English was evident at all levels of BCS, but most prominent at the lexical and syntactic level. All the phrases from the corpus were analyzed and it was found that out of 148 phrases, 113 were the examples of the influence at lexical level and the rest, 35 precisely, were the examples of the influence at the level of syntax. As for the lexical level, most borrowings are nouns, but BCS also borrows a large number of verbs, as well as adjectives. Some of these borrowings are adapted to the rules of BCS, while the others are either used in their original forms or they are used in some hybrid forms. When it comes to the syntactic level, BCS borrows inflections, modification patterns, collocations, as well as passive “by phrase”. Finally, these Anglicisms were also analyzed in terms of writing and spelling and it was found that there are many inconsistencies regarding the spelling of these borrowed words primarily due to the fact that most of them are either brand new Anglicism or they simply were not adapted to the rules of BCS. However, it was concluded that, despite the previously mentioned fact, some rules regarding the spelling of Anglicisms can still be formed.

The current study examined anxiety, neuroticism and extraversion amongst Bosnian high school and university students who were studying English as a foreign language (EFL). By employing the Public Speaking Class Anxiety Scale and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) test, the authors showed that this group of students was characterised by a relatively high level of extraversion and a medium level of neuroticism and anxiety about public speaking in class. The study further investigated the variation in both personality traits and anxiety based on gender, the level of education and out-of-school exposure to English as the target language. The first two factors had an insignificant effect on personality traits and anxiety, whereas out-of-school exposure to English proved to be significant in all contexts. Finally, the multiple regression analysis suggested that anxiety, extraversion and neuroticism were not significant predictors of students’ average EFL grades, while extraversion was a significantly positive predictor and anxiety was a significantly negative predictor of the students’ self-reported EFL knowledge. The study contributes to the further individualisation of formal language teaching and learning, as well as to the promotion of the development of independent life-long learners.

This study aimed at investigating vocabulary learning strategies employed by Bosnian EFL elementary school learners attending the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grade and the effect of gender and grade level on the students’ choice of vocabulary learning strategies. Furthermore, it attempted to explore the relationship between vocabulary learning strategy use and EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge as well as overall English knowledge. The results indicated that the participants are aware of vocabulary learning strategies and that they use them in their everyday learning. Gender showed no significant effect on the learners’ preferences for different vocabulary learning strategies, i.e. memory, cognitive and compensation strategies, while grade level had a significant effect on the use of one subtype, namely compensation strategies. Standard multiple regression was conducted to determine whether vocabulary learning strategies predict learners’ language achievement and vocabulary knowledge, and the results discovered that they significantly predict both. The study is expected to provide both language teachers and learners with some valuable suggestions with regard to a more effective use of vocabulary learning strategies among elementary school EFL learners. Cilj ove studije je bio istražiti odnos strategija ucenja vokabulara kod bosanskih ucenika koji pohađaju 6., 7., 8. i 9. razred i utjecaj roda i razreda na njihov odabir strategija ucenja. Nadalje, studija je pokusala istražiti odnos između upotrebe strategije ucenja i znanja vokabulara u engleskom kao stranom jeziku, kao i ukupnog znanja ucenika. Rezultati su pokazali da su ucesnici u ovoj studiji svjesni strategija ucenja vokabulara i da ih koriste u svakodnevnom ucenju. Rod nije pokazao znacajniji uticaj na odabir strategija ucenja vokabulara od strane ucenika, kao sto su strategije pamcenja, kognitivne i kompenzacijske strategije, dok je razred koji pohađaju, imao znacajan uticaj na upotrebu jednog podtipa strategija ucenja vokabulara, odnosno strategija kompenzacije. Standardna visestruka regresija provedena je kako bi se utvrdilo da li strategije ucenja vokabulara uticu na uspjeh ucenika u skoli i na njihovo znanje vokabulara, a rezultati su pokazali da znacajno uticu I na jedno I na drugo. Rezultati ove studije mogli bi pružiti, kako nastavnicima engleskog kao stranog jezika tako i ucenicima, dragocjene prijedloge u pogledu efikasnije upotrebe strategija ucenja vokabulara među ucenicima u osnovnim skolama. Article visualizations:

The aim of this study was to examine foreign language classroom anxiety and motivation to speak in English as a foreign language with respect to gender and grade level as well as their effects on students' EFL performance. The research sample comprised 160 (middle and high school) students. Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and the Speaking Motivation Scale were used to collect the data. The results showed that foreign language classroom anxiety and intrinsic motivation were negatively associated with each other, while extrinsic motivation and a motivation were significantly positively associated with foreign language classroom anxiety. Even though there was an insignificant difference between the males’ and females’ motivation to speak English as a foreign language, foreign language classroom anxiety was significantly affected by gender. The outcomes of a one-way MANOVA revealed that grade level had no effect on the combined dependent variables of foreign language classroom anxiety, while it had a significant effect on speaking motivation. Furthermore, the findings indicated that overall intrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation were significant predictors of the students’ EFL achievement, whereas communication apprehension as a foreign language classroom anxiety factor was in a negative association with the students’ EFL achievement. The study provides instructors with guidelines on how to make their classrooms an environment conducive to the development of higher levels of speaking motivation and lower levels of anxiety with the aim of improving their students’ performance.

The present study investigated the impact of English as the global language on Bosnian with a particular focus on the use of English words among adult Bosnian speakers. Thus, the survey was administered to 200 participants to get an insight into their preferences for native Bosnian words, foreign English words and adapted English words. The analysis revealed that English has gained a prominent status in Bosnia and Herzegovina, not rarely being preferred over the native structures with a similar or equivalent meaning. Furthermore, filling lexical gaps does not seem to motivate borrowing, but rather a wish to transmit a message of a more modern lifestyle.

ABSTRACT Not being subject to various restrictions common to more formal contexts and thus establishing complete control, users are ready for a considerable investment in the target language use, in this case the English language use, on social sites. Their investment here is motivated by the desire to assume the identity of a global citizen, the identity of unique individuals deserving the attention of the target social group. In that attempt they start playing with language, foreign and multilingual language play presenting appropriate means of creating the desired identity positions. The present study, exploring the use of English by young adult Bosnian speakers on Facebook and Instagram and the reasons underlying it, aimed at investigating the aforementioned claims. Using English the participants tried to show they possess the attributes associated with English as the global language, such as modern, trendy, omnipresent, etc. Moreover, they seemed to find being both local and international, traditional and modern, and above all unique and creative more important than being correct following native-like norms. The study is expected to broaden the understanding of the interrelation between the language use and identity negotiation, and contribute to awakening a stronger interest into the potential of language play.