In this paper, the authors explore the conditions for the development of innovation in the Republic of Serbia. The paper analyzes the factors influencing the development of the innovation environment. The influences of state institutions, international institutions and programs as well as the influences of the NGO sector on the development of the innovation environment in Serbia are discussed. In order to valorize these efforts to develop the innovation environment in the right way, the authors also analyzed Germany, as the leading economy in supporting the innovation environment and building innovation infrastructure.

Introduction: Anti GAD (antibodies on glutamic acid decarboxylase) and anti-IA2 antibodies (against tyrosine phosphatase), today, have their place and importance in diagnosis and prognosis of Type 1 diabetes. Huge number of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 have these antibodies. Insulin antibodies are of critical importance in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 for pediatric population. Materials and methods: During 2014, the samples of 80 patients from Clinical Center University Sarajevo (CCUS) Pediatrics clinic’s, Endocrinology department were analyzed on anti-GAD and IA2 antibodies. The samples of serums of all patients were analyzed with ELISA tests using Anti GAD ELISA (IgG) kites from EUROIMMUN company. These are quantitative in vitro tests for human antibodies against decarboxylase of glutamine acid (GAD) and IA2, in serum or EDTA plasm. Results: During the period of one year, in CCUS’s Organizational unit, Institute for Clinical Immunology, 80 samples of patients with anti GAD and IA2 antibodies were analyzed. Out of total number of samples, 41 were male patients, or 51% and 39 female, or 49%. The youngest patient was born in 2012, and the oldest in 1993. Age average was represented by the patients born in 2001. Share of positive results for IA2 antibodies and GAD antibodies was 37% for IA2 antibodies, and 63% for GAD antibodies. Discussion: During an autoimmune – mediated Diabetes mellitus type 1 leads to T-cell mediated destruction of beta cells of pancreatic islets, reduced production of insulin and glucose metabolism. Studies have shown that these bodies are the most intense single marker for identifying persons with increased risk for diabetes development.

Introduction: Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Immunoregulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in important homeostatic mechanism for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Tregs cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and determine the range value for Treg cells (CD4+ CD25+) in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis compared to the severity of disease. Material and methods: The study included 51 patients diagnosed with psoriasis and 25 healthy individuals. Phenotype profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry, and assessment of severity of disease was determined on the basis of PASI score (e.g. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). Results: Proportion of CD4+CD25+T cells in the control group was significantly higher than in the patients with psoriasis [6,4% ±(5,4-7,6) vs. 4,1% (3,1 -5,8)–Mann–Whitney U test, p <0.001]. In the present study we did not find a statistically significant correlation between the levels of CD4+CD25+cells, in patients with psoriasis, compared to the severity of disease–PASI. (i.e. Pearson correlation, r = 0.197, p = 0.194). Conclusion: The stratification of patients, according to the severity of the clinical course was not possible on the basis of Treg cells’ level. ROC curve analysis of the optimal cutoff (PASI=10) and the CD4+CD25+, which distinguishes between patients and healthy individuals was 5% of CD4+CD25+ of the total number of CD4+ lymphocytes with specificity of 69% and sensitivity of 84%.

In this paper, the authors are attempting to determine the possible directions of changing pensions in order to harmonize the work of the Pension Fund with the current inflow of funds. As the basis of analysis, the authors have used statistical records of the national pension fund which is available on the internet and shows data for the day 12/12/2013. In this research, authors want to show that it is possible to optimize the work of the Fund through corrections within the already established statistical salary grades in such a manner that those pensioners with low pensions will not have any disadvantages.

In practical terms, whenever tissues are transplanted from one person to another it is essential to suppress the immune response of the recipient, no matter how perfect the HLA matching has been. When cellular (i.e. histo) compatibility differences exist, between donor and recipient, it is necessary to modify or suppress the immune response in order to enable the recipient to accept a graft. Immunosuppressive therapy, in general, suppresses all immune responses, including those to bacteria, fungi, viruses and even malignant tumors. Current scientific research and real life experiences show that the immunosuppression process can be more safely induced by utilizing the pharmacological means. Agents used in humans to suppress the immune response are discussed in more detail in the continuation of our paper. Financing of the organ transplantation will most probably be among one of the key questions, which need to be answered, before the patients begin to undergo this complex, tedious and costly procedure. The average actual costs and the associated financial contributions for the transplantation of liver and kidney, as well as other organs, have been reduced in the last decade. The main reason for this cost reduction is particularly the reduction of the time period of the patients’ hospital stay. Other reasons that contribute to this reduction, among others, include, (e.g. the pressure from the taxpayers as well as the increased innovation and availability of the new, highly potent and more effevctive and efficient immunosuppressive agents). The process of the cost estimation, in simplified terms, usually includes the costs involved in the following actions and procedures: (i.e. in the evaluation of the transplantation suitability, proper maintenance of the transplantatory candidacy, the costs related to the procurement of the compatible organs from the living and deceased-cadaveric donors, all hospital and physicians’ costs, post transplant care as well as the funding of the cost of the immunosuppressive medications within the first year after the organ transplantation). Finally, the aspect of the interest group lobbying and their effect on the key policy decision makers must also be mentioned. The population of patients who, due to their medical conditions, have to prepare for, undergo and follow up after the organ transplantation, by utilizing the special and costly immunosuppressive therapy must have the keen interest in improving their medical, legal and financial status.

Introduction: The health and the maintenance of health are crucial aspects of the human existence. As all economic resources, health care resources are especially sensitive and limited. Rational, efficient and effective use of the economic health care resources poses the challenge for every society. This fact is especially important for the largest economy in the world, the United States of America, where the health care cost significantly outpaces the rate of inflation and consumes the largest portion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of all developed industrialized nations. The contemporary Literature Review has singled out eight most significant potential cost affecting independent variables, which contribute to the aggregate dependent variable that was represented as the total national health care spending. Methodology: Business-economy and health care cost problem was indentified and research questions were created. A literature review of peer-reviewed articles, government data and books was performed to investigate the documented research results on eight national aggregate health care cost drivers, by utilizing Statistical Bivariate Correlation analysis, with 80 participants, and Likert Survey scale was performed. Results: The results of the tests were interpreted and evaluated based on 95% confidence level. A graph was created for any of the hypothesis statements for which there was a significant relationship of p < 0.05. Three health care cost categories: a.) provider hospital quality, b.) providerprescription drugs and c.) overweightness and obesity have shown a significant statistical correlation between the independent (cost drivers) and dependent (total national health spending) variables. Conclusion: This study focuses on the contributions of eight cost drivers to the overall national health care cost:technological changes in medical practice, third party (insurance) factors, medical providers-specialists, medical providers-hospital quality, prescription drug providers, overweightness and obesity, national per capita income growth and aging of the population.