Many scholars have so far attempted to answer the question as to what constitutes translation competence. In doing so, it has been established that this competence requires a combination of various types of knowledge and skills, which consequently results in the complexity of the matter. It is precisely this complexity that has yielded in a number of approaches to defining and analyzing translation competence, which is considered to be a number one prerequisite for a successful professional in this field.Since many scholars who study translation competence agree that it is most effectively developed at an academic institution, modern language faculties that educate future translators and interpreters need to adapt their curricula so as to increase students’ translation competence and skills. This article looks at one of the possible ways in which translation classes have been designed in order to pursue this goal. It explores students’ perceptions on the presence of a native English speaker during translation classes and direct benefits (or the lack thereof) and presents possible guidelines for the improvement of translation classes.

Abstract This paper aimed to investigate metaphorical images used by master’s students in order to gain an insight into their schemata for thinking about the process of master’s thesis writing. Semistructured interviews on the topic of master’s thesis writing with three students coming from humanities, social sciences and natural sciences served as a corpus from which the data were extracted. The paper analysed participants’ unconscious use of metaphorical language in their narratives, mirroring their perception of the thesis writing process. The results revealed that the participants’ personal experience revolves around the concept of journey as the central image they share and the journey metaphor, along with a group of related specific metaphors, serves to illustrate the complexity of the writing process itself.

Abstract The paper explores the existence of cognitive linguistics principles in translation of emotion-related metaphorical expressions. Cognitive linguists (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987) define metaphor as a mechanism used for understanding one conceptual domain, target domain, in terms of another conceptual domain, source domain, through sets of correspondences between these two domains. They also claim that metaphor is omnipresent in ordinary discourse. Cognitive linguists, however, also realized that certain metaphors can be recognized and identified in different languages and cultures whereas some are language- and culture-specific. This paper focuses on similarities and variations in metaphors which have recently become popular within the discipline of Translation Studies. Transferring and translating metaphors from one language to another can represent a challenge for translators due to a multi-faceted process of translation including both linguistic and non-linguistic elements. A number of methods and procedures have been developed to overcome potential difficulties in translating metaphorical expressions, with the most frequent ones being substitution, paraphrase, or deletion. The analysis shows the transformation of metaphorical expressions from one language into another and the procedures involving underlying conceptual metaphors, native speaker competence, and the influence of the source language.

The present paper surveys the development and the current position of community interpreting (CI) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), by providing an insight into the emergence of this “out of necessity” concept. The paper is a reflection of the origins and major features of the profession, from the perspective of active participants in this process. Since the research in this field practically does not exist in BiH, the paper attempts to highlight the fundamentals of the profession, fields of practice, professional organizations and training opportunities. The paper portrays the historical background of CI in the context of BiH, trying to capture the interpreting activities and the accompanying practicalities both in the conflict (1992-1995) and post-conflict periods. CI in BiH is mainly performed my semi- and non-professionals, due to the fact that education and training institutions for community interpreters are traditionally non-existent in this country. The paper brings a historical paradigm into the emergence of the interpreting profession and its inherently embedded international character in BiH. The study of CI may not have such a long tradition as other disciplines, but has immensely gained in popularity in recent decades, particularly in the context of ever-growing interest by scholars. The paper follows these recent global trends aiming at contributing to a more comprehensive research in the field in the context of BiH, highlighting the importance of CI in the evolving society challenged by the newly-emerging social phenomena.

The pressure to publish academic research in English and the impact this has had on the lives of nonnative English speaker academics have been widely documented in recent years. This trend has also influenced academic journal policies, with a narrower range of languages used in academic publishing today than was the case several decades ago. For languages of lesser diffusion, such as Bosnian, the shift to publishing in a language of international diffusion has advantages. Not only do local scholars reach a wider audience, but the journals themselves stand a strong chance of being included in international, prestigious databases. This in turn, has downstream advantages to the scholars who publish in such journals, and it also creates opportunities for these journals to access more sophisticated publishing tools (such as text-matching software, or content-usage trackers), which can contribute to increasing the quality of the journal and its visibility and reception in the global academic community. This study investigates the experience of two Economics journals affiliated to universities in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which have achieved (to differing degrees) international prominence through a combination of sound journal management policies and their inclusion in international databases or through affiliation to international publishing companies. Data for this study come from interviews with journal editors in 2013/14 in Bosnia. The study sheds light on strategies used by successful journals in a resource-poor context to adapt to the exigencies of competitive academic publishing in the 21st century.

In the context of English as a global language, and Netspeak as a new electronic medium of communication, the present paper examines the linguistic properties and distinctive features of online communication in postponed time, bearing in mind that synchronicity is one of the dimensions upon which electronic communication can be categorised. This corpus-based study, for which data were collected from several Internet sites, places particular focus on the features of English used in asynchronous settings. The analysis, based on the model proposed by David Crystal (2001), portrays a number of highly distinctive features of Netspeak, proving an immense impact of thethis type of commucniation in terms of graphology (emoticons, punctuation) and the lexicon (blending, compounding), these being areas where it is relatively easy to introduce both innovation (nonce formation and other ludic Netspeak extensions) and deviation (abbreviations, acronyms). Keywords: Netspeak, Internet, asynchronus settings, distinctive linguistic features, synchronicity

COPD symptoms cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness cause limited basic activity. The level of physical disability experienced by patients with COPD varies considerably. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended for patients with chronic lung diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of pulmonary rehabilitation on health status in COPD patients by using CAT questionnaire. METHODS - We evaluated 30 patients with stable COPD, involved in Pulmonary Rehabilitation program, for a period of 6 months. Severity of airflow obstruction was assessed by standard spirometry and classified by the Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria; functional capacity was evaluated by the 6-min walk distance (6MWD). The impact of COPD on health status was assessed using COPD Assessment Test (CAT). All measures were obtained at baseline and 6 month. RESULTS - The patients’ average age was 62 years (46-74). All the patients were categorized with moderate to severe COPD. Imapct level at initial CAT scor was medium and high. After 6 months of pulmonary rehabilitation lung function testing showed marginal improvement of vital capacity (+1±0.6%); 6MWD improved by 59±2 m (14%) and the mean CAT questionnaire demonstrated a reduction of the score for -2.4±5.1 units. CONCLUSIONS - Pulmonary rehabilitation is a highly effective and safe intervention that improves physical activity, health status and quality of life in COPD patients. The correlation of 6MWD and CAT score may point that CAT questionnaire in sensitive in the evaluation of PR.

Key words:error analysis, meaningful translation ABSTRACT There seems to be a growing awareness all over the world in translation studies, which are not faced with misunderstanding and opposition. According to Kussmaul (1995: 5), there are two approaches in teaching translation, product-oriented and process-oriented ones. The product-oriented approach includes error analysis and translation quality assessment. Errors are first described, then the reasons for them are found and finally the solutions are given to prevent them. However, error analysis must be taken with precautions. Making errors must be seen as a way of productive way of making students aware of all the obstacles that they may face while doing translation. This paper deals with the analysis of students' errors (those frequent and less frequent ones) and their transformation into knowledge necessary for successful and meaningful translation.

The paper analyzes the elements of directionality in translation and its implication on the quality of translation from the second language into the first (L1 translation) and translation from the first language into the second (L2 translation). The traditional view of directionality in translation studies completely neglects L2 translation, often qualifying it as impossible, inappropriate, etc. However, various studies conducted in European countries indicate that this type of translation is not only possible but highly needed, especially in the countries where less disseminated languages or languages of limited diffusion (LLDs) are spoken. The paper will first present the traditional standpoints and then provide the opposite views followed by the analysis of both types of translation. The results of this study show that both L1 and L2 translations are possible and that both directions include certain difficulties.

It has been proven that smoking boosts the symptoms of allergy; the smokers have higher bronchial responsiveness and tobacco smoking provokes a strong immunological imbalance to those exposed. The aim of our study was to evaluate reactivity and sensitivity of respiratory tract in persons with the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and proven tobacco smoke allergy who are active smokers or passively exposed to tobacco smoke. Materials and methods: We evaluated 40 patients, average age 34 years divided into two groups: group I - active smokers (with average 16.4±8.7 package years) and group II – passive smokers. All subjects had symptoms of allergic rhinitis, local ORL findings that confirms excluded vasomotor rhinitis, positive Prick test on inhalation allergens of tobacco smoke and normal basal spirometry findings. Non-specific bronchoprovocative testing was done by intermittent inhalation of histamine in progressive grooving doze and result was expressed by the value of provocative doze by which the value of FEV1 was reduced by 20% of basal FEV1. Histamine responsiveness was analyzed using dose-response slope to describe each subject9s responsiveness (positive results were considered to be if reactivity was between 520-2000mcg). Results: Bronchial activity was confirmed in 58.2% in smoking group and 39.5% in non-smoking group. The degree of bronchial hypereactivity didn9t differ between groups, although provocative doze was in lower concentrations in smoking group, but difference wasn9t significant. Conclusion: Although we confirmed that smokers have higher degree of hypereactivity than non-smokers, our results in passive smokers group may implicate on significance of passive smoking.