Quantifying Remyelination Using χ-Separation in White Matter and Cortical Multiple Sclerosis Lesions
Background and Objectives Myelin and iron play essential roles in remyelination processes of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. χ-separation, a novel biophysical model applied to multiecho T2*-data and T2-data, estimates the contribution of myelin and iron to the obtained susceptibility signal. We used this method to investigate myelin and iron levels in lesion and nonlesion brain areas in patients with MS and healthy individuals. Methods This prospective MS cohort study included patients with MS fulfilling the McDonald Criteria 2017 and healthy individuals, aged 18 years or older, with no other neurologic comorbidities. Participants underwent MRI at baseline and after 2 years, including multiecho GRE-(T2*) and FAST-(T2) sequences. Using χ-separation, we generated myelin-sensitive and iron-sensitive susceptibility maps. White matter lesions (WMLs), cortical lesions (CLs), surrounding normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), and normal-appearing gray matter were segmented on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and magnetization-prepared 2 rapid gradient echo images, respectively. Cross-sectional group comparisons used Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, longitudinal analyses applied Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Associations with clinical outcomes (disease phenotype, age, sex, disease duration, disability measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS], neurofilament light chain levels, and T2-lesion number and volume) were assessed using linear regression models. Results Of 168 patients with MS (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age 47.0 [21.7] years; 101 women; 6,898 WMLs, 775 CLs) and 103 healthy individuals (age 33.0 [10.5] years, 57 women), 108 and 62 were followed for a median of 2 years, respectively (IQR 0.1; 5,030 WMLs, 485 CLs). At baseline, WMLs had lower myelin (median 0.025 [IQR 0.015] parts per million [ppm]) and iron (0.017 [0.015] ppm) than the corresponding NAWM (myelin 0.030 [0.012]; iron 0.019 [0.011] ppm; both p < 0.001). After 2 years, both myelin (0.027 [0.014] ppm) and iron had increased (0.018 [0.015] ppm; both p < 0.001). Younger age (p < 0.001, b = −5.111 × 10−5), lower disability (p = 0.04, b = −2.352 × 10−5), and relapsing-remitting phenotype (RRMS, 0.003 [0.01] vs primary progressive 0.002 [IQR 0.01], p < 0.001; vs secondary progressive 0.0004 [IQR 0.01], p < 0.001) at baseline were associated with remyelination. Increment of myelin correlated with clinical improvement measured by EDSS (p = 0.015, b = −6.686 × 10−4). Discussion χ-separation, a novel mathematical model applied to multiecho T2*-images and T2-images shows that young RRMS patients with low disability exhibit higher remyelination capacity, which correlated with clinical disability over a 2-year follow-up.