Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Low- and Middle-Income vs. High-Income Countries: The Role of Ventilator Bundle, Ventilation Practices, and Healthcare Staffing.
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates are higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (HICs). RESEARCH QUESTION Could differences in ventilator bundle adherence, ventilation practices, and critical care staffing be driving variations in VAP risk between LMICs and HICs? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This secondary analysis of the multicenter, international CERTAIN study included mechanically ventilated patients at risk for VAP from eleven LMICs and five HICs. We included oral care, head-of-bed elevation, spontaneous breathing assessments, and sedation breaks in the ventilator bundle. Staffing was assessed by the number of physicians and nurses per bed. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for severity, baseline characteristics, and checklist implementation. The primary outcome was VAP development. RESULTS Among 2,253 patients, 1,755 were from LMICs and 498 from HICs. Compared to HICs, patients from LMICs were younger, had lower comorbidity burden, and were less severely ill. Lower country income level was independently associated with VAP development (aOR 2.11; 95% C.I., 1.37-3.24). Ventilator bundle adherence was not significantly associated with VAP. Increased total duration of ventilation was associated with an increased risk of VAP (aOR 1.04; 95% C.I., 1.03-1.05), while higher nursing (aOR 0.88; 95CI 0.79-0.98) and physician staffing ratios (aOR 0.69; 95% C.I., 0.50-0.87) were associated with lower VAP rates. INTERPRETATION Patients in LMICs have a twofold higher risk of VAP, independent of bundle adherence. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was an independent predictor of VAP, while higher staffing ratios were associated with decreased risk for VAP development. Unmeasured factors like infrastructure and infection control practices may explain the higher VAP rates in LMICs.