A New Way to Estimate Maximum Power from Wind Turbines: Linking 1 Newtonian with Action Mechanics
15 A more accurate way to calculate power output from wind turbines based on fundamental Newtonian 16 mechanics is proposed for testing. This contrasts with current methods regarded as governed by flows 17 of kinetic energy through an area swept by rotating airfoils. Action mechanics measures torques caused 18 by conservation of momentum of impulsive air streams on rotor surfaces at differing radii. We integrate 19 the windward torque using inputs of rotor dimensions, the angle of incidence and strength of wind 20 impulses on the blade surfaces. A reverse torque in the plane of rotation is estimated as radial impulses 21 from the blade’s rotation. Net torque is converted to power by the angular velocity of the turbine rotors. 22 A matter of concern is significant heat production by wind turbines, partly from leeward reactions but 23 mainly from turbulent release of vortical energy. Use of wind farms as sources of renewable energy