ANALYSIS OF PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR-BASED ABOVE-KNEE PROSTHESIS AND FUTURE GUIDELINES
This paper analyzes the development of an above-knee prosthesis based on hydraulic actuators, which was initiated at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Computing and Electrical Engineering at the University of Mostar, and has continued since 2023 in collaboration with the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Montenegro. The evolutionary trajectory of the prosthetic design is presented, from the initial models with a single hydraulic cylinder in the knee joint, through the integration of an additional actuator in the ankle joint and modifications to the prosthetic foot, to modern solutions featuring double-acting cylinders and separate hydraulic power units. Experimental testing has confirmed significant improvements in user stability, functionality, and natural gait, especially when ascending stairs. The paper also emphasizes future development directions, including the implementation of servo valves in the hydraulic system to achieve more precise fluid control, smoother movements, and automatic adaptation of the prosthesis to varying walking conditions. The research results indicate that hydraulic systems represent a significant technological advancement in modern prosthetics, enabling transfemoral amputees greater independence, comfort, and quality of life.